Mechanisms of metabolic defense against hypoxia in hibernating frogs

Robert G Boutilier
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引用次数: 52

Abstract

The cold submerged frog (Rana temporaria) serves as a useful model for many hibernating ectotherms that take refuge in hypoxic ponds and lakes until more favourable conditions of climate and food availability return. In all such animals, entry into a hypometabolic state effectively extends their survival time by lessening the impact of ATP demands on endogenous substrates. At the cellular level, metabolic depression may be brought about by decreasing energy-consuming processes and/or by increasing the efficiency of energy-producing pathways. Since the mitochondrion is the major contributor to the total energy production during aerobic metabolism and frog survival during winter depends on entry into a hypometabolic state, this review focuses on the respiratory properties of mitochondria that serve to increase the efficiency of energy production in hibernation. Energy conservation during overwintering also occurs through decreases in the ATP demand of the energy-consuming processes. For example, hibernating frogs decrease their ATP demands for Na+/K+-ATPase activity as part of a coordinated process of energy conservation wherein O2-limitation initiates a generalised suppression of ion channel densities and/or channel leak activities. The net result is that cell membrane permeabilities are reduced, thereby lowering the energetic costs of maintaining transmembrane ion gradients.

冬眠蛙对缺氧的代谢防御机制
冷沉蛙(Rana temporaria)是许多冬眠变温动物的一个有用的模型,它们在缺氧的池塘和湖泊中避难,直到更有利的气候和食物供应条件返回。在所有这些动物中,进入低代谢状态通过减少内源性底物对ATP需求的影响有效地延长了它们的生存时间。在细胞水平上,代谢抑制可以通过减少能量消耗过程和/或通过提高能量产生途径的效率来实现。由于线粒体是有氧代谢过程中总能量产生的主要贡献者,而青蛙在冬季的生存取决于进入低代谢状态,因此本文将重点介绍线粒体的呼吸特性,这些特性有助于提高冬眠时能量产生的效率。越冬期间的能量节约也通过能量消耗过程中ATP需求的减少而发生。例如,冬眠的青蛙降低了它们对Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的ATP需求,这是一个协调的能量守恒过程的一部分,其中o2限制启动了离子通道密度和/或通道泄漏活动的普遍抑制。最终结果是细胞膜通透性降低,从而降低维持跨膜离子梯度的能量成本。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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