Phylogenetic affiliation of bioactive metabolites producing bacterial symbionts associated with soft corals from the Red Sea

Abstract

The coastal areas of the Red Sea within Saudi Arabia have a wide diversity of marine soft corals harboring many symbiotic bacteria that could present a potential source of many antibacterial metabolites. This study focused on the molecular characterization of antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with soft corals and investigated the influence of culture conditions on the production of their antibacterial extracts. Two soft coral samples were collected offshore from Yanbu City and identified as genus Sarcophyton. Screening for antibiotic-producing bacterial symbionts uncovered nine isolates with a wide inhibitory spectrum against gram-positive and negative bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of the bioactive bacterial symbionts 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria with seven isolates all belonging to class γ-proteobacteria. The remaining two isolates were represented within class firmicutes and actinobacteria. Eight isolates were grouped perfectly with their best matches. While the remaining ninth isolate was phylogenetically separated from all the species within the Photobacterium genus, suggesting that it could be a novel species. The optimum antibacterial compounds production was obtained in minimal media, at a temperature range of 25–28 °C, pH 7 and 100–150 rev/min agitation during 24–48 h of the incubation period, with moderate to high degree of thermal stability.