Bio-control by using Antagonistic (Filamentous Fungi and VAM) and Bacteria against Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract

The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the current agricultural system, which is done to increase production, completelyeradicate plant pathogens, and reduce undesirable weeds, has a detrimental effect on soil quality, water body environment, animal andhuman health due to the toxicity, recalcitrance, and carcinogenic potential of many of these compounds. It has long been thought thatbiological plant disease control could replace current methods of prevention. Filamentous fungi (especially Aspergillus spp., Trichodermareesei, and Neurospora crassa), bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia, and Pantoea), and Vesicular ArbuscularMycorrhiza (VAM) (G. mosseae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus aggregatum) are employed instead of chemicals in biocontrol. M. phaseolinais a fungus that lives in the root soil and produces dry root rot/stem canker, stalk rot, and charcoal rot. The fungus M. phaseolina causescharcoal rot, stalk rot, and dry root rot/stem canker in plant roots. Melon, strawberries, and tomatoes are just a few of the horticulturalcrops that M. phaseolina has been discovered on throughout Europe, the US, Australia, Chile, and Israel. To manage M. phaseolina, variousbiocontrol agents (filamentous fungi, VAM, and bacteria) are used successfully and effectively.