Ketamine detection in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs: epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles.

Isabel Gomila Muñiz, Juan Ortega Pérez, Jordi Puiguriguer Ferrando, Jesús González, Gaspar Tuero León, Bernardino Barceló Martín
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Abstract

Objectives: To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles of patients who used recreational ketamine and experienced acute poisoning.

Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of patients attended by several emergency medical services in the Balearic Islands for analytically confirmed acute poisoning after using ketamine between January 2016 and December 2020. Urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Results: One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 26.7 (6.5) years. The majority were men (77.9%) and not residents of the Balearic Islands (74.6%). Poisoning cases occurred mainly in the summer and in the island of Ibiza (84.4%). Ketamine use was declared by the patient or clinically suspected in 40.2%. The most common clinical signs were tachycardia (43.4%), hypertension (28.7%), mydriasis (27.0%), altered consciousness (25.4%), agitation/aggressiveness (25.4%), and hypothermia (21.3%). Seven patients (5.73%) required admission to the intensive care unit. The drugs most often detected along with ketamine were cocaine, in 93.4%, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in 78.7%. Multiple-drug use combining ketamine, cocaine, and MDMA, or on occasion additional substances, was detected in 98.4%.

Conclusion: Detection of ketamine in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs is associated with a characteristic profile: young men who are not residents of the Balearic Islands, who attend electronic music concerts, and who have taken multiple drugs. A substantial percentage of such patients are unaware of drug intake.

在娱乐性药物中毒患者尿样中检测氯胺酮:流行病学、临床和毒理学概况。
目的:描述使用娱乐性氯胺酮并发生急性中毒的患者的流行病学、临床和毒理学特征:描述使用娱乐性氯胺酮并发生急性中毒的患者的流行病学、临床和毒理学特征:回顾性观察研究:2016 年 1 月至 2020 年 12 月期间,巴利阿里群岛的一些急救医疗服务机构对使用氯胺酮后经分析确认急性中毒的患者进行了调查。尿液样本通过免疫测定以及气相色谱和质谱联用技术进行分析:研究了 122 名患者。平均(标清)年龄为 26.7 (6.5) 岁。大多数为男性(77.9%),非巴利阿里群岛居民(74.6%)。中毒病例主要发生在夏季和伊维萨岛(84.4%)。40.2%的中毒病例由患者本人申报或临床怀疑使用了氯胺酮。最常见的临床症状是心动过速(43.4%)、高血压(28.7%)、眼球震颤(27.0%)、意识改变(25.4%)、躁动/攻击性(25.4%)和体温过低(21.3%)。七名患者(5.73%)需要入住重症监护室。最常与氯胺酮同时检测到的毒品是可卡因(93.4%)和3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)(78.7%)。在98.4%的吸毒者尿液中检测到氯胺酮、可卡因和摇头丸等多种毒品,有时还检测到其他物质:结论:在娱乐性毒品中毒患者的尿样中检测出氯胺酮与以下特征有关:非巴利阿里群岛居民、参加电子音乐会、吸食过多种毒品的年轻男性。这些患者中有相当一部分人不知道自己吸食了毒品。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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