Many Doors to International Criminal Justice

IF 0.4 Q2 Social Sciences
J. Braithwaite
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引用次数: 5

Abstract

Responsibilities to protect and prevent elite crimes are best energized by enforcement that walks through many doors. Effective deterrence is rarely delivered by the International Criminal Court. Yet deterrence is possible when it patiently cumulates through many doors. Likewise truth, justice, and reconciliation can achieve little through one door and much through many. Opening more doors to the complexly cross-cutting character of survivor guilt with mass atrocities can better open possibilities for future prevention and reconciliation than simply doors to courtrooms that find a criminal on one side of complex sequences of atrocity. The Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Trials opened quickly after World War II. They did not prove to hold keys to truth and reconciliation for Germany until the Eichmann trial finished in Jerusalem in 1962. Why? Still today, non-confession by the U.S. to Hiroshima/Nagasaki as war crimes has meant truncated Japanese reconciliation. Different kinds of doors are needed with crimes like the Dresden and Tokyo fire bombing, the rape of Nanjing and the “comfort women” issue. These have included citizens tribunals, truth commissions, and indigenous justice in cases like Bougainville that rejected the truth commission model. When we reflect upon door diversity, transitional justice turns out not to be very focused on justice or international criminal law, and not to be at all transitional, but rather a maze of doors to justice of diverse kinds that open or close across the longue duree (as developed in the work of Susanne Karstedt).1
通往国际刑事司法的许多大门
保护和防止精英犯罪的责任,最好是通过多扇门的执法来激发。国际刑事法院很少提供有效的威慑。然而,当它耐心地通过许多门积累时,威慑是可能的。同样,真理、正义和和解通过一扇门很难实现,而通过多扇门却能实现很多。打开更多的大门,让人们了解大规模暴行中幸存者的负罪感这一复杂的交叉特征,比简单地向法庭敞开大门,在复杂的暴行序列中发现罪犯的一方,能更好地为未来的预防与和解开辟可能性。纽伦堡和东京战争罪审判在第二次世界大战后迅速展开。直到1962年对艾希曼的审判在耶路撒冷结束,他们才被证明掌握着通往真相和德国和解的钥匙。为什么?直到今天,美国对广岛/长崎的战争罪行拒不承认,意味着日本和解的中断。对于德累斯顿和东京轰炸、南京大屠杀和“慰安妇”问题等罪行,需要不同类型的门。其中包括公民法庭、真相委员会,以及在布干维尔等拒绝真相委员会模式的案件中的土著司法。当我们反思门的多样性时,我们发现,过渡时期的司法并不是非常关注司法或国际刑法,也根本不是过渡时期的司法,而是一个迷宫,各种各样的正义之门在漫长的过程中打开或关闭(正如Susanne Karstedt的工作所发展的那样)
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来源期刊
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期刊介绍: Focused on examinations of crime and punishment in domestic, transnational, and international contexts, New Criminal Law Review provides timely, innovative commentary and in-depth scholarly analyses on a wide range of criminal law topics. The journal encourages a variety of methodological and theoretical approaches and is a crucial resource for criminal law professionals in both academia and the criminal justice system. The journal publishes thematic forum sections and special issues, full-length peer-reviewed articles, book reviews, and occasional correspondence.
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