Quantum protocol for decision making and verifying truthfulness among N-quantum parties: Solution and extension of the quantum coin flipping game

Abstract

The authors devised a protocol that allows two parties, who may malfunction or intentionally convey incorrect information in communication through a quantum channel, to verify each other's measurements and agree on each other's results. This has particular relevance in a modified version of the quantum coin flipping game. The key innovation of the authors’ work includes the new design of a quantum coin that excludes any advantage of cheating, by which the long-standing problem of the fair design of the game is, affirmatively, solved. Furthermore, the analysis is extended to N-parties communicating with each other, where multiple solutions for the verification of each player's measurement is proposed. The results in the N-party scenario could have particular relevance for the implementation of future quantum networks, where verification of quantum information is a necessity.