Investigating the Negation of Media Stereotypes: Ability and Motivation as Moderators

IF 1.7 4区心理学 Q2 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Media Psychology-Theories Methods and Applications Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI:10.1027/1864-1105/a000198

F. Arendt

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Abstract

We investigated the negation of media stereotypes. Negation refers to an internal attempt to negate stereotypic content (“No! This is not true!”). The process of negation is important because a critical assessment of stereotypic content can be beneficial for stereotype and prejudice reduction. This fact is a crucial reason why readers’ disagreement regarding simplified stereotypic depictions is of central interest for mass communication research and media literacy campaigns. Importantly, factors that can increase negation are of special interest. Although the ability and motivation to process stereotypic content can be theoretically identified as potential influencing factors, media-stereotype research has not yet tested the influence of these factors on negation. In Experiment 1 (N = 347), we manipulated the motivation to negate by presenting awareness material. We informed some of the participants that the news media often do not represent the world as it is, but sometimes do so in a stereotypic way. Analyses revealed that participants who received the awareness material before reading negated to a higher extent. In Experiment 2 (N = 223), we investigated the impact of ability by manipulating the time participants had to negate stereotypic content. The ability to negate was assumed to be higher the more time the participants had to process stereotypic information. As hypothesized, negation was higher when there was more time available. Interestingly, the increase in effect size was dampened the more time was available, which indicated a curvilinear relationship. Implications for media-literacy campaigns are discussed.

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调查媒体刻板印象的否定:能力和动机作为调节因素

我们调查了媒体刻板印象的否定。否定指的是内心试图否定刻板印象的内容(“不!这不是真的!”)。否定的过程很重要，因为对刻板印象内容的批判性评估有助于减少刻板印象和偏见。这一事实是为什么读者不同意简化的刻板印象描述是大众传播研究和媒体扫盲运动的核心兴趣的一个重要原因。重要的是，可以增加否定的因素是我们特别感兴趣的。虽然刻板印象内容加工的能力和动机在理论上可以确定为潜在的影响因素，但媒体刻板印象研究尚未测试这些因素对否定的影响。在实验1 (N = 347)中，我们通过呈现意识材料来操纵否定动机。我们告诉一些与会者，新闻媒体往往不代表真实的世界，而有时是以一种刻板的方式来代表世界。分析显示，在阅读之前收到意识材料的参与者否定的程度更高。在实验2 (N = 223)中，我们通过操纵参与者否定刻板印象内容的时间来研究能力的影响。研究人员认为，参与者处理刻板印象信息的时间越长，否定的能力越强。正如假设的那样，时间越充裕，消极情绪越高。有趣的是，随着可用时间的增加，效应大小的增加受到抑制，这表明了一种曲线关系。讨论了对媒介扫盲运动的影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Media Psychology-Theories Methods and Applications Multiple-

CiteScore

3.20

自引率

11.80%

发文量

期刊介绍： Journal of Media Psychology (JMP) is committed to publishing original, high-quality papers which cover the broad range of media psychological research. This peer-reviewed journal focuses on how human beings select, use, and experience various media as well as how media (use) can affect their cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. Submissions must substantially advance the current state-of the art on a theoretical and/or an empirical level. To name just a few typical fields and domains of inquiry, the Journal of Media Psychology considers manuscripts dealing with research on entertainment, computer-mediated communication (including social media), human-computer interaction, e-learning, computer and video games, virtual environments, or advertising. The journal is also open to research from neighboring disciplines as far as this work ties in with psychological concepts of the uses and effects of the media. Submissions of comparative work, e.g., crossmedia, cross-gender, or cross-cultural, are encouraged. Moreover, submissions including alternative analysis procedures such as the Bayesian approach are welcome. Starting in 2015, the pre-registration of research plans will also be possible. To ensure short turn-around cycles for manuscript review and fast publication, the Journal of Media Psychology relies heavily upon electronic communication and information exchange, starting from electronic submission and continuing throughout the entire review and production process.