The Emerging Strains of SARS-CoV-2 and Current Vaccine Strategies: A Systemic Review

Abstract

The ongoing ravaging pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to emerge by acquiring new mutations. Several recent mutations under different clades render the virus to bind more efficiently to the human ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) with its spike protein. Detection inefficiency due to mutation in the spike protein (deletion of Δ69-Δ70 amino acid residues) misleads the flawless result of the COVID-19 test is also a significant concern. Several vaccine candidates have been designed to diminish this pandemic, from which four have been authorized due to exigency and more candidates are in the pipeline. The prime revealing mutations from different lineages (lineage B.1.177, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 by PANGOLIN) has up risen several questions, including the vaccine efficacy against the mutated strains, alternate detection methods, evading potential of SARS-CoV-2 and clade lineage as well. The new variants recent incarnation has proved to have high transmissibility rather than the previous D614G variant and also indicates the latest outbreak of the mutated strain in an uncontrollable state. This review study aims to reveal these mutations along with discussing several vaccine strategies. The study also aims to describe several alternate detection methods to identify their clade and lineages and try to answer the arising questions from the current situation.