Salmonella-Bacteraemia and Diversity of Bacterial Uropathogens in Concomitant Urinary Schistosomiasis among Children in Jaba, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Abstract

Salmonella-bacteraemia and urinary schistosomiasis affect health and development of Nigerian children. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Salmonella-bacteraemia and diversity of bacterial uropathogens in concomitant urinary schistosomiasis in Jaba LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Awareness on the diseases was created in pre-selected primary schools from 10 villages in Jaba. 505 pupils participated; 10ml urine and 2ml blood samples were collected from each pupil. Blood samples were pre-enriched in Selenite-F broth and Brilliant-Green-Bile broth. Urine sediments and pre-enriched blood were cultured on SSA and XLD agar. Bacterial isolates were biochemically characterised. Centrifuged urine sediments were microscopically examined for Schistosoma haematobium egg(s) and count/10ml urine was recorded. Results/data obtained were statistically analysed at P=0.05. No Salmonella species was found in all examined samples, hence a prevalence of 0.0%. Equally, no bacterial growth was seen on blood cultures. Seven diverse Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the urine samples. Citrobacter spp (6.7%) and Klebsiella spp (3.4%) were most prevalent bacteria; others were Acinetobacter spp (2.0%) and E. coli (1.6%). The least occurring were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.4%), Providencia spp (0.2%) and Serratia marcescens (0.2%). Citrobacter spp (8.1%), E. coli (1.6%) and Klebsiella spp (1.6%) were found in co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium. Overall concomitant urinary schistosomiasis was 12.3%. Citrobacter spp, E. coli and Klebsiella spp were more prevalent in females. Acinetobacter spp was prevalent in males. Drinking water sources were statistically associated with bacterial uropathogens. Concerted efforts are required to eradicate schistosomiasis in Nigeria through snails/cercariae control, awareness and potable water supply.