Chronic Kidney Diseases and Nanoparticle Therapeutics

Abstract

Present review article describes main causes of chronic kidney disease a major health problem public health problem round the globe. Disease has multiple etiologies related to sequential pathophysiological stages. It has major concern with chronic changes in renal structure and that severely alter glomerular filtration rate in patients. This article explains CKD biomarkers in brief i.e. serum creatinine, periostin, a matricellular protein discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a transmembrane collagen receptor of the tyrosine kinase family, Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) renal biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers. The main focus was given on use of nanoparticles for CKD therapeutics. This article describes various metal and metal oxide nanaoparticles, such as cuprous oxide (CONPs), super paramagnetic iron oxide (new SPIO) nanoparticles, silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle, Vanadium oxide nanoparticles (VONPs, Titanium dioxide and gold, calcifying nanoparticles, colloidal protein-mineral nanoparticles, Liposomal nanoparticles, MITO-Porter, SB-coated NPs, ASc-loaded polymeric nanoparticles, Carbon-coated iron nanocrystal, Nanodiamonds, Sodium-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, Photocaged nanoparticles, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs Quantum dots (QDs) which are used for drug delivery patients. For successful management of disease progression of diseases, symptoms should analyze by good physician at an eerily stage, by using highly efficacious, sensitive and specific CKD markers. All factors must include knowing the status of disease and chemotherapeutics by using low toxic nanoparticles. Before being used nanoparticles should evaluate in experiment animal models. For future therapeutics metabolomics, kidney transplants and good wound healers are required.