Response of Soybean (Williams cv.) Seed Germination to Aqueous Extract of Cocklebur (Xanthium spp.) and Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)

Abstract

Introduction: Interference caused through weeds’ and crops’ competition for environmental resources and allelopathy brings about damage in crop species. Allelopathy is defined as a direct or indirect inhibiting or provoking effect of a plant on other plants through the production of chemical compounds introduced into the environment. Although the allelopathic effects of the shoot extracts of Xanthium spp and Chenopodium album on the germination of some crops have already been investigated, very few studies have so far been conducted to evaluate their adverse effects on soybean seedling growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of aqueous extract of cocklebur and lambsquarters on germination and soybean seedling growth indices under Petri and Pot conditions. Materials and Methods: In order to study the allelopathic effects of Cocklebur and Common lambsquarters on germination and seedling growth of soybean, two separate experiments were conducted under petri and pot conditions. In this experiment, the effects of aqueous extract concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of cocklebur and common lambsquarters were evaluated on seed germination of soybean in a completely randomized design with three replications. In each pot, five soybean seeds were planted with a depth of 2 cm. The extracts were added to the pots for 2 weeks after emergence. Results: Allelopathic effect of common lambsquarters extract concentrations was higher than that of cocklebur in both experiments. Germination percentage (GP) reduction under 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations of common lambsquarters was 57, 84, 96.7 and 100%, respectively. GP reduction under the same concentrations of cocklebur was 17, 20, 34 and 54%, respectively. In the pot culture conditions, the root dry weight of soybean decreased with increases in extract concentration, so that the highest root dry weight belonged to the control treatment with 64 mg and the lowest values belonged to the effect of aqueous extract of weed with a concentration of 100%. The results on the EWRC scale showed that the soybean leaflet damages increased as the extract concentrations increased. The highest leaf damages were obtained in 75 and 100% of cocklebur and Chenopodium concentrations. The negative impacts of common lambsquarters were higher than those of cocklebur. Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that the effects of different concentrations of the lambsquarters extract on germination and soybean growth of the Williams cultivar were higher under both Petri and pot conditions. The percentage of germination in the concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the aqueous extract of cocklebur was 17%, 20%, 34% and 54%, respectively, and in lambsquarters, it decreased by 57%, 84%, 96% and 100%, respectively, compared to the control. On the other hand, spraying the extracts of lambsquarters and cocklebur caused necrosis and drying of soybean leaves. According to the results, in the absence of effective control of weeds, especially lambsquarters, in soybean farms, the damage caused by allelopathic elements will lead to a significant reduction in germination and seedling growth.