In Toeing & Out Toeing in children

Abstract

Intoed and out-toed gait in children can occur due to foot deformities or torsional alignment of the femur and/or tibia. In most cases, these deformities are physiological and resolve with age. Physical examination consists of assessment of rotational profile of the lower limb which includes foot progression angle, torsional alignment of the femur and tibia, and foot shape. Few cases may be due to underlying pathological conditions which need to be identified and treated.