Organic farming in the United States: Principles and perspectives

J.F. Parr, R.I. Papendick, I.G. Youngberg
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引用次数: 21

Abstract

A growing number of agricultural scientists, environmentalists, government officials, farmers, and both urban and rural laymen, have become increasingly alarmed over the potential vulnerability of the energy-intensive systems of food and fiber production which now characterize U.S. agriculture. During the past 40 years, conventional agriculture has become increasingly dependent upon petroleum-based, chemically-synthesized fertilizers and pesticides to supply plant nutrients and for crop protection. Certainly these energy-intensive technologies have contributed greatly to the U.S.'s agricultural productivity. However, sharply escalating production costs associated with the increasing cost and uncertain availability of energy, i.e. fuel and fertilizers, have generated considerable interest in less expensive and more environmentally compatible production alternatives such as organic farming. The apparent decline in soil productivity throughout the U.S. from excessive soil erosion, nutrient runoff, and loss of soil organic matter; the impairment of environmental quality from sedimentation and pollution of natural waters by agricultural chemicals; and, the potential hazards to human and animal health and food safety from heavy use of pesticides, have also stimulated interest in organic farming systems of food production. This article describes and analyzes the agronomic and socioeconomic character of organic farming in the U.S. and assesses its future potential contribution to the overall system of food and fiber production in this country and abroad. Clearly, a number of factors, such as future research and education programs, public policies, and the cost and availability of conventional farm production inputs, will greatly influence the rate at which organic farming technologies and management practices are adopted. However, current trends and circumstances indicate that organic farming systems will play an increasingly important role in both U.S. and world agriculture.

美国的有机农业:原则和观点
越来越多的农业科学家、环保主义者、政府官员、农民,以及城市和农村的外行,都对目前美国农业的特点——能源密集型食品和纤维生产系统的潜在脆弱性日益感到担忧。在过去的40年里,传统农业越来越依赖于以石油为基础的化学合成肥料和杀虫剂来提供植物营养和保护作物。当然,这些能源密集型技术对美国做出了巨大贡献美国的农业生产力。然而,由于能源(即燃料和肥料)的成本增加和供应不确定,生产成本急剧上升,因此人们对较便宜和更符合环境的生产替代办法,如有机农业,产生了相当大的兴趣。由于土壤过度侵蚀、养分流失和土壤有机质流失,美国各地土壤生产力明显下降;农业化学品对自然水体的污染和沉积对环境质量的损害;此外,大量使用农药对人类和动物健康以及食品安全的潜在危害也激发了人们对有机农业系统的兴趣。本文描述并分析了美国有机农业的农艺和社会经济特征,并评估了其未来对美国和国外食品和纤维生产整体系统的潜在贡献。显然,许多因素,如未来的研究和教育计划、公共政策、传统农业生产投入的成本和可用性,将极大地影响有机农业技术和管理实践的采用速度。然而,目前的趋势和情况表明,有机农业系统将在美国和世界农业中发挥越来越重要的作用。
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