Influence of tillage and fertilizers on the weed infestation of field crop rotation link in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

E. B. Medvediev
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Abstract

Topicality. In the current conditions in Ukraine, the issues of weed control in crops do not lose their relevance due to the negative processes caused by the aggravation of the economic situation, the rapid soaring prices on mineral fertilizers, machinery, fuels and lubricants, plant protection products, the replacement of energy-intensive traditional tillage systems with moldboardless and other resource-saving ones. Purpose. To study the influence of tillage and fertilizers on the weed infestation of agricultural crops in the link of the field grain-fallow-row crop rotation: winter wheat after maize (milk-wax ripeness) – grain peas – winter wheat in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Methods of tillage with applying mineral fertilizers under the primary tillage were tested. The field and statistical-mathematical methods were used in experimental studies. The number of weeds in crops was determined by the quantitative-weight method using square frames. Results. It was established that moldboardless tillage in the crop rotation link against the background of plowing under maize and harrowing with light harrows during the growing season leads in comparison with moldboard tillage to the following increase in weed infestation – on average for years of research: annual weeds during the growing season: in peas crops – by 40.6 (without fertilizers), 44.2 (with recommended dose) and 51.6 (with calculated dose) pcs/m2; before harvesting: by 22.7, 24.4 and 36.4 pcs/m2, respectively; in winter wheat crops after peas – by 0.5, 11.9 and 19.4 pcs/m2; 5.8, 8.4 and 6.7 pcs./m2, respectively; perennials in winter wheat crops after peas during the growing season: by 10.4, 9.1 and 10.9 pcs/m2; before harvesting: by 19.1, 18.3 and 20.0 pcs/m2, respectively. The application of mineral fertilizers increases germination of annual weed seeds. This was most clearly observed in winter wheat crops after maize of milk-wax ripeness. A tendency towards an increase in the air-dry weight of weeds under fertilization was revealed for all crops in the crop rotation link. Conclusions. Moldboardless tillage increases the number of weeds, but does not increase their air-dry weight, and decreases grain yield and quality. Mineral fertilizers applied in the experiment increase the air-dry weight of weeds and the number of their annual species. The species composition of weeds in the crops did not depend on the method of tillage. Key words: weeds, tillage, mineral fertilizers, winter wheat, peas
耕作和施肥对乌克兰北部草原轮作环节杂草侵害的影响
时事性。在乌克兰目前的情况下,由于经济形势的恶化、矿物肥料、机械、燃料和润滑剂、植物保护产品的价格迅速飙升、用无模板和其他资源节约型耕作系统取代能源密集型传统耕作系统所造成的不利进程,作物杂草控制问题并没有失去其相关性。目的。研究耕作和施肥对乌克兰北部草原玉米后冬小麦(乳蜡成熟)-籽粒豌豆-冬小麦轮作环节农作物杂草侵害的影响。材料与方法。试验了在初耕条件下施用矿质肥的耕作方法。实验研究采用现场法和统计数学方法。采用方框定量权重法测定作物杂草数量。结果。经证实,在作物轮作环节中,在玉米下耕作和生长季节用轻耙耙耙的背景下进行无模板耕作,与模板耕作相比,杂草侵扰的增加如下-多年研究的平均水平:生长季节的年杂草:豌豆作物-增加40.6(不施肥),44.2(推荐剂量)和51.6(计算剂量)pcs/m2;采收前:分别减少22.7、24.4、36.4 pcs/m2;在冬小麦作物中,豌豆后分别减少0.5、11.9和19.4个/平方米;5.8、8.4、6.7件。/ m2分别;冬小麦多年生作物在豌豆生长季后:分别增加10.4、9.1和10.9 pcs/m2;采收前:分别减少19.1、18.3、20.0 pcs/m2。施用矿质肥料可提高一年生杂草种子的萌发率。这在玉米乳蜡成熟后的冬小麦作物中观察得最为明显。轮作环节所有作物在施肥条件下,杂草的空气干重都有增加的趋势。结论。无板耕作增加了杂草的数量,但没有增加它们的空气干重,并降低了粮食产量和质量。试验中施用的矿质肥料增加了杂草的风干重和一年生品种的数量。作物杂草的种类组成与耕作方式无关。关键词:杂草,耕作,矿质肥料,冬小麦,豌豆
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