An observational study of cannabis exposures reported to the Poison Information Helpline of the Western Cape

Abstract

Background: Cannabis has been decriminalised for private use in South Africa in September 2018. This act may potentially lead to an increase of undesirable effects from cannabis exposures. Objectives: To describe the demographics and characteristics of reported cannabis exposure cases from June 2015 to June 2019. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of reported cannabis exposures reported to the Poisons Information Helpline of the Western Cape (PIHWC). Data included: demographics; circumstances of exposure; route of exposure; symptom profile and changes in the number of reports made to the PIHWC from June 2015 to June 2019. Results: A total of 106 database entries were identified. The most common age groups were 20–59 years old (52.8%) followed by under 12 years old (27.3%). There was a threefold increase in cases reported during the period 06/2018 – 06/2019, compared the period 06/2015 – 06/2016. Accidental overuse (40.6%), substance abuse (26.4%) and intentional self-harm (19.8%) were the most reported circumstances of exposure. The most common route of exposure was oral (66.0%) followed by inhalation (26.4%). Central nervous system (75.5%) and gastrointestinal (20.8%) symptoms were commonly reported. Central nervous system symptoms were more commonly reported in children 12 years and younger (p=0.001) compared to those over 12 years. Conclusion: During the study period undesired effects of cannabis were commonly reported after accidental exposures and oral ingestions. Children 12 years and younger are more likely to report neurological symptoms.