Toxic metals in cement induced hematological and DNA damage as well as carcinogenesis in occupationally-Exposed block-factory workers in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT The block-molding industry provides housing and employment globally. However, cement contains toxic metals, so molders need periodic safety monitoring. This study assessed the safety of 25 block molders and 25 control subjects in Lagos, Nigeria. After obtaining informed consent, structured questionnaires were used to obtain participants’ weight, height, age, and skin texture. Moreover, the participants’ blood samples were analyzed for heavy metals (calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, chromium, copper, and lead) and hematological parameters (hemoglobin, packed cell volume), red blood, and white blood cells). Also evaluated were biomarkers of oxidative stress damage, namely albumin, glutamate dehydrogenase, kidney injury molecule-1, DNA-8-hydroxyguanosine, carcinoembryonic antigen, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity . The molders’ skin was dry compared to the control. The molders’ blood plasma metals were higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the control, with the exception of lead, and were over the allowed ranges. Similarly, the molders’ packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cell levels were lower than usual, while their red blood cell levels were higher. The molders’ biomarkers were outside of the acceptable ranges and were significantly different from the control. The findings show that block molders are at risk of health hazards and should take steps to reduce their cement exposure.