The Prehistoric Wetland Site of Náklo (Moravia, Czech Republic) – a Unique Piece of History

IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY
A. Bernardová, J. Novák, Vendula Vránová
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Our analysis of wood enabled the presence of alluvial forest with dominance of Salix, Populus, Alnus, and Ulmus to be reconstructed. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 9–16 Alexandra Bernardová, Jan Novák, Vendula Vránová: The Prehistoric Wetland Site of Náklo (Moravia, Czech Republic) – a Unique Piece of History 10 sediments (Czudek 1972). Fluvisols and chernozem were mapped as the most common soils near Náklo village (AOPK 2005). The lowland area falls into the Thermophyticum phytogeographical region with a slightly dry and continental, central European climate. The mean annual precipitation is 550–600 mm, and mean annual temperature 8.5–9°C (meteorological site: Olomouc; Quitt 1971). At present, the lowland region is predominantly agriculturally managed with forests covering only a small percentage of the landscape. The current riverine forests belong to the Ulmenion alliance (Chytrý 2013), and the occurrence of Salix and Alnus is associated with river banks and wetlands. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This paper summarises the results of an investigation from the former oxbow lake near the village Náklo. The study profile (“Náklo – Under the church”) is situated near an archaeological site which is important due to the presence of pile constructions and a deposit of bronze vessels from the Halstatt Period. The study focused on the plant macroremains and xylotomy analysis. Only a few plant macroremains studies from lowland wetland sites are notable for the documented presence of archeophytes in central Europe. Our study confirmed long-term human impact and the important influence of human activities on the alluvial floodplain vegetation, especially during the Late Bronze Age and Hallstat Period. Our analysis of wood enabled the presence of alluvial forest with dominance of Salix, Populus, Alnus, and Ulmus to be reconstructed. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 9–16 Alexandra Bernardová, Jan Novák, Vendula Vránová: The Prehistoric Wetland Site of Náklo (Moravia, Czech Republic) – a Unique Piece of History 10 sediments (Czudek 1972). Fluvisols and chernozem were mapped as the most common soils near Náklo village (AOPK 2005). The lowland area falls into the Thermophyticum phytogeographical region with a slightly dry and continental, central European climate. The mean annual precipitation is 550–600 mm, and mean annual temperature 8.5–9°C (meteorological site: Olomouc; Quitt 1971). At present, the lowland region is predominantly agriculturally managed with forests covering only a small percentage of the landscape. The current riverine forests belong to the Ulmenion alliance (Chytrý 2013), and the occurrence of Salix and Alnus is associated with river banks and wetlands. Oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinion) are typical of the drier part of the lowland, which hydrologically does not belong to the Morava river catchment. As potential natural vegetation, hardwood forests of lowland rivers (Ulmenion) and oak-hornbeam forests (un. Carpinion) have been recreated in the area (Neuhäuselová, 2001). Litovelské Pomoraví is influenced by long-term agricultural management (Čižmářová et al. 1996). A lot of findings, including chronologically almost the whole of prehistory, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Period, have Figure 1. Unique find of a deposit of bronze vessels coming from the sediments, which could be dated to the Hallstatt Period, found at the beginning of the 20th century. Figure 2. Location of the studied area. The circle marks the location of the trench where the sediement was retrieved. Source: https://geoportal.gov.cz. 0 10 km IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 9–16 Alexandra Bernardová, Jan Novák, Vendula Vránová: The Prehistoric Wetland Site of Náklo (Moravia, Czech Republic) – a Unique Piece of History 11 been obtained up to the present (e.g. Čižmář, Kohoutek 1999; Oliva 2003; Peška 2001; Wankl 1889). Among the periods of greatest population density, we can include, for example, the period of the Linear Pottery Culture (7550–6850 cal BP), Late Eneolithic (4850–4450 cal BP), or the Late Bronze Age (3250–2750 cal BP). 2.2 Methods A 285 cm long sediment profile was recovered from a trench near the place known locally as “Under the church” (N 49°39′20.3′′ E 17°08′03.4′′) using Kubiena tins (50×10×10 cm). Wood trunks, twigs and branches were sampled separately during the recovery of the sediment. Slices were cut from big trunks. The profile was then sedimentologically described, and subsampled at regular intervals of 3 cm. Sediment samples were washed through 0.25 mm sieves. Macroscopic remnants were picked out and identified with the help of a reference collection and determination literature, e.g. Anderberg (1994), Berggren (1981) and Cappers et al. (2006). Pollen analyses from the samples were not carried out, as the sediment was sandy and the pollen concentration of several tested samples was very low and unrepresentative. A study from another Moravian locality Únanovka encountered a similar problem (Petřík et al. 2015). Macrofossil diagrams were created in the Tilia program (Grimm 2011). The nomenclature follows the determination key to the Czech flora (Kubát et al. 2002). Wood fragments were identified with the help of a reference collection and standard identification keys (Greguss 1972; Schweingruber 1990) using a light microscope with 200–500× magnification. The wood fragments were quantified as the number of analysed fragments. Plant macrofossils were used for AMS radiocarbon dating in the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory. For the radiocarbon dating of wood fragments, samples were sent to the CRL – Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Nuclear Physics Institute, CAS. The 14C data were calibrated to calendar ages using the OxCal 4.2 online application (Ramsey 2009) based on the IntCal 13 (Reimer et al. 2013) calibration curve.
史前湿地遗址Náklo(捷克共和国摩拉维亚)-一段独特的历史
本文总结了对村庄附近原牛轭湖Náklo的调查结果。研究概况(“Náklo -教堂下方”)位于一个考古遗址附近,由于存在桩结构和哈尔斯塔特时期的青铜器沉积物,该遗址非常重要。研究重点是植物大残体和木质切分分析。只有少数来自低地湿地遗址的植物宏观遗骸研究以中欧有记载的古植物存在而闻名。我们的研究证实了人类活动对冲积洪泛平原植被的长期影响和重要影响,特别是在青铜时代晚期和哈尔斯塔特时期。通过对木材的分析,重建了以柳、杨、桤木和榆木为主的冲积林。亚历山德拉·贝尔纳多夫, Jan Novák, Vendula Vránová: Náklo(捷克共和国摩拉维亚)的史前湿地遗址-一段独特的历史10沉积物(Czudek 1972)。土壤和黑钙土是Náklo村附近最常见的土壤(AOPK, 2005年)。低地地区属于热植物地理区,气候略干,属大陆性中欧气候。年平均降水量550-600毫米,年平均气温8.5-9℃(气象站点:奥洛穆茨;收据1971)。目前,低地地区主要以农业经营为主,森林只占景观的一小部分。目前的河流森林属于Ulmenion联盟(Chytrý 2013), Salix和Alnus的发生与河岸和湿地有关。橡树角木林(Carpinion)是低地干燥地区的典型,在水文上不属于摩拉瓦河流域。作为潜在的天然植被,低地河流的阔叶林(Ulmenion)和橡树角梁林(un -hornbeam)。Carpinion)已经在该地区重建(Neuhäuselová, 2001)。litovelsk Pomoraví受到长期农业管理的影响(Čižmářová等人,1996年)。许多发现,包括按时间顺序排列的几乎整个史前时期、中世纪和现代时期,都有图1。在沉积物中发现了独特的青铜器沉积物,可以追溯到20世纪初发现的哈尔施塔特时期。图2。研究区域的位置。圆圈标出了回收沉积物的海沟的位置。来源:https://geoportal.gov.cz。9-16 Alexandra bernardov, Jan Novák, Vendula Vránová: Náklo(捷克共和国摩拉维亚)的史前湿地遗址-一段独特的历史11获得至今(例如Čižmář, Kohoutek 1999;奥利瓦2003;Peška 2001;Wankl 1889)。在人口密度最大的时期中,我们可以包括,例如,线形陶器文化时期(7550-6850 cal BP),新石器时代晚期(4850-4450 cal BP)或青铜时代晚期(3250-2750 cal BP)。2.2方法使用Kubiena锡(50×10×10 cm),在当地称为“教堂下”的地方(北纬49°39′20.3′东经17°08′03.4′)附近的沟槽中恢复了285 cm长的沉积物剖面。在沉积物恢复过程中,分别对树干、小枝和树枝进行采样。切片是从大树干上切下来的。然后对剖面进行沉积学描述,并以3厘米的间隔定期取样。沉积物样品通过0.25 mm筛子洗涤。宏观残余物是通过参考文献收集和测定文献,如Anderberg(1994)、Berggren(1981)和Cappers等(2006)挑选和鉴定出来的。由于沉积物是沙质的,并且几个测试样品的花粉浓度很低,不具有代表性,因此没有对样品进行花粉分析。另一个摩拉维亚地区Únanovka的研究也遇到了类似的问题(Petřík et al. 2015)。宏观化石图是在Tilia程序中创建的(Grimm 2011)。命名法遵循捷克植物区系的确定关键(Kubát等人,2002年)。木材碎片在参考收集和标准识别钥匙的帮助下被识别(Greguss 1972;Schweingruber 1990)使用200 - 500倍放大率的光学显微镜。木材碎片被量化为分析碎片的数量。植物大化石在波兹纳斯放射性碳实验室用于AMS放射性碳定年。对于木片的放射性碳定年,样品被送到中国科学院核物理研究所放射性碳实验室。基于IntCal 13 (Reimer et al. 2013)校准曲线,使用OxCal 4.2在线应用程序(Ramsey 2009)将14C数据校准为日历年龄。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Arts and Humanities-Archeology (arts and humanities)
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