Epigenetic mechanisms of epithelial – immune interactions that shape immune surveillance in the intestinal epithelium

Abstract

Immune surveillance of the intestinal epithelium is regulated by the reciprocal interactions between intestinal epithelial cells, immune system and microbiome. This highly specialized compartment maintains the tolerance against dietary products and commensal bacteria while protecting the epithelium against pathogens, cancer risk and tissue damage. While recent studies identified epigenetic mechanisms that orchestrate the self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), little is known about the mechanisms that govern epithelial – immune interactions and how they influence immune surveillance and tissue regeneration. Here we dissect epithelial-intrinsic epigenetic features including transcription factors and co-activators that govern immune surveillance of intestinal epithelium using genetically engineered mouse models and autologous human patient-derived organoid – immune co-cultures. Ablation of epigenetic regulators that associate with immune interaction gene modules specifically in IECs dampens intraepithelial lymphocyte-mediated immune surveillance. We identified precise epigenetic mechanisms of epithelial – immune interactions including promoter and enhancer regulation by transcription factors and co-activators both in mice and humans. Finally, disruption of the epigenetic regulators that maintain epithelial – immune interactions lead to impaired responses in clinically-relevant mouse models of infection, tissue regeneration and cancer. These results establish a strong foundation towards understanding the epigenetic mechanisms that govern multi-cellular interactions within the barrier tissues in physiology or disease states. Supported by grants from Mathers Foundation, STARR Cancer Consortium (I13-0052), The Mark Foundation for Cancer Research (20-028-EDV), NIH (P30CA045508-33), CZI Ancestry Network for the Human Cell Atlas