Analysis of a Serological Study of Pertussis among Children and Adolescents in the Republic of Kazakhstan

M. Smagul, L. Yeraliyeva, A. Kuatbayeva, G. E. Nusupbayeva, L. Kasabekova, G. Nukenova, A. Satayeva, M. Smagulova, A. S. Mutaliyeva, A. B. Sagymbai, O. V. Imangaliyeva
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Assessment of the duration of protection after vaccination against pertussis infection in Kazakhstan using antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) and (IgA and IgG) as a specific marker of pertussis infection or vaccination in children and adolescents in the cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent for evaluation appropriate age for booster vaccination. Materials and methods. For the study included medical organizations in the cities of Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent. Participants aged 10–14 years who were hospitalized in children's hospitals and 15–18 years old who visited polyclinics were invited to participate in the study. Each city has 1 children's hospital (4 in total) and 2 polyclinics (8 in total). A total of 520 people of different age groups participated. Study period: February 2021 – October 2021. Inclusion criteria were such aspects as: age from 10 years to 18 years 11 months 29 days, informed consent obtained from parents or guardian(s) and patient consent, enrollment after visiting the clinic, the presence of documented evidence of immune status. An association between two qualitative variables is considered statistically significant if the p-value calculated using     the Chi-squared test is less than 0.05. Results. Among 520 participants aged 10–14 years – 200 (38.5%) and 15–18 years – 320 (61.5%), including boys – 284 (54.6%), girls – 236 (45.4%). The largest number of study participants was aged 15, 16 and 17 years, 10 participants (1.9%) had periods of prolonged coughing in the past 6 months. The first, second and third pertussis vaccines were received by 100% of children. The first and second vaccine for all children was the Adsorbed Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT). The third vaccine for 519 children was also DPT, for one child – AbDPT, due to the transition to a cell-free vaccine from the second half of 2013. The additional vaccine scheduled at 18 months of age was given to 519 participants (99.8%), of which 517 children (99.6%) received DPT and two children (0.4%) DPT. Just over half of the children (276 or 53.1%) also received the whooping cough vaccine at age 6. In biological blood samples of 17 participants (3.3%). antibodies of the IgA class were detected in 245 samples (47.1%) – antibodies of the IgG class. Of the 17 participants with IgA antibodies, 15 also tested positive for IgG. In total antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants which amounted to 47.5%. Conclusions. This study showed the duration of protection after pertussis vaccination in Kazakhstan among different age groups. In total, antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants out of 520 which amounted to 47.5%. IgA antibodies were detected in biological blood samples in 17 participants (3.3%), IgG class antibodies in 245 samples (47.1%). The prevalence of IgA antibodies was statistically significantly higher among older children and among children who had respiratory symptoms in the 6 months prior to the study. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was statistically significantly higher among children vaccinated against whooping cough at the age of 6 years (47.1%) and at the age of 10–14 years (56.2%) than in the age group of 15–18 years (43.8%) and also significantly higher among those, who share a bedroom with other family members compared to children living in separate rooms. Thus an increase in whooping cough and a decrease in protective vaccine immunity among older age groups can be stated which raises concerns about transmission of the infection in the home to vulnerable children and the need to strengthen vaccination strategies.","PeriodicalId":11736,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-1-89-103","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

Relevance. In 2018 over 151 000 cases of whooping cough were reported worldwide. In the Republic of Kazakhstan the incidence of whooping cough has always remained relevant. The incidence is recorded mainly among children under 14 years of age, whose share is 96–100% of the total incidence in certain years. It should also be noted that 82,9–96% of sick people are not vaccinated against whooping cough. Aims. Assessment of the duration of protection after vaccination against pertussis infection in Kazakhstan using antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) and (IgA and IgG) as a specific marker of pertussis infection or vaccination in children and adolescents in the cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent for evaluation appropriate age for booster vaccination. Materials and methods. For the study included medical organizations in the cities of Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent. Participants aged 10–14 years who were hospitalized in children's hospitals and 15–18 years old who visited polyclinics were invited to participate in the study. Each city has 1 children's hospital (4 in total) and 2 polyclinics (8 in total). A total of 520 people of different age groups participated. Study period: February 2021 – October 2021. Inclusion criteria were such aspects as: age from 10 years to 18 years 11 months 29 days, informed consent obtained from parents or guardian(s) and patient consent, enrollment after visiting the clinic, the presence of documented evidence of immune status. An association between two qualitative variables is considered statistically significant if the p-value calculated using     the Chi-squared test is less than 0.05. Results. Among 520 participants aged 10–14 years – 200 (38.5%) and 15–18 years – 320 (61.5%), including boys – 284 (54.6%), girls – 236 (45.4%). The largest number of study participants was aged 15, 16 and 17 years, 10 participants (1.9%) had periods of prolonged coughing in the past 6 months. The first, second and third pertussis vaccines were received by 100% of children. The first and second vaccine for all children was the Adsorbed Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT). The third vaccine for 519 children was also DPT, for one child – AbDPT, due to the transition to a cell-free vaccine from the second half of 2013. The additional vaccine scheduled at 18 months of age was given to 519 participants (99.8%), of which 517 children (99.6%) received DPT and two children (0.4%) DPT. Just over half of the children (276 or 53.1%) also received the whooping cough vaccine at age 6. In biological blood samples of 17 participants (3.3%). antibodies of the IgA class were detected in 245 samples (47.1%) – antibodies of the IgG class. Of the 17 participants with IgA antibodies, 15 also tested positive for IgG. In total antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants which amounted to 47.5%. Conclusions. This study showed the duration of protection after pertussis vaccination in Kazakhstan among different age groups. In total, antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants out of 520 which amounted to 47.5%. IgA antibodies were detected in biological blood samples in 17 participants (3.3%), IgG class antibodies in 245 samples (47.1%). The prevalence of IgA antibodies was statistically significantly higher among older children and among children who had respiratory symptoms in the 6 months prior to the study. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was statistically significantly higher among children vaccinated against whooping cough at the age of 6 years (47.1%) and at the age of 10–14 years (56.2%) than in the age group of 15–18 years (43.8%) and also significantly higher among those, who share a bedroom with other family members compared to children living in separate rooms. Thus an increase in whooping cough and a decrease in protective vaccine immunity among older age groups can be stated which raises concerns about transmission of the infection in the home to vulnerable children and the need to strengthen vaccination strategies.
哈萨克斯坦共和国儿童和青少年百日咳血清学研究分析
的相关性。2018年,全球报告的百日咳病例超过15.1万例。在哈萨克斯坦共和国,百日咳的发病率始终具有相关性。发病率以14岁以下儿童为主,在某些年份占总发病率的96-100%。还应指出的是,82,9 - 96%的病人没有接种百日咳疫苗。目标利用百日咳毒素抗体(PT)和(IgA和IgG)作为哈萨克斯坦共和国阿克托别、卡拉干达、塔尔迪科尔根、奇姆肯特等城市儿童和青少年百日咳感染或接种疫苗的特定标记物,评估哈萨克斯坦接种百日咳感染疫苗后的保护持续时间,以评估加强疫苗接种的适当年龄。材料和方法。这项研究包括了阿克托贝、卡拉干达、塔尔迪科尔根、奇姆肯特等城市的医疗机构。在儿童医院住院的10-14岁的参与者和在综合诊所就诊的15-18岁的参与者被邀请参加研究。每个城市有1家儿童医院(总共4家)和2家综合诊所(总共8家)。共有520名不同年龄段的人参与了调查。学习时间:2021年2月- 2021年10月。纳入标准包括以下方面:年龄在10岁至18岁11个月29天之间,获得父母或监护人和患者的知情同意,在访问诊所后登记,存在免疫状态的书面证据。如果使用卡方检验计算的p值小于0.05,则认为两个定性变量之间的关联具有统计显著性。结果。在520名参与者中,10-14岁的有200人(38.5%),15-18岁的有320人(61.5%),其中男孩284人(54.6%),女孩236人(45.4%)。研究参与者中年龄最大的是15岁、16岁和17岁,10名参与者(1.9%)在过去6个月有长时间咳嗽。第一次、第二次和第三次百日咳疫苗的接种率为100%。所有儿童的第一和第二种疫苗是吸附白喉-破伤风-百日咳疫苗(DPT)。为519名儿童接种的第三种疫苗也是百白破,为一名儿童接种的是AbDPT,因为从2013年下半年开始过渡到无细胞疫苗。519名参与者(99.8%)在18个月大时接种了额外的疫苗,其中517名儿童(99.6%)接种了百白破,2名儿童(0.4%)接种了百白破。超过一半的儿童(276名或53.1%)在6岁时也接种了百日咳疫苗。在17名参与者的生物血液样本中(3.3%)。245份样本中检出IgA类抗体(47.1%),IgG类抗体检出IgG类抗体。在17名有IgA抗体的参与者中,有15人的IgG检测呈阳性。检测到IgA和IgG类抗体247例,占47.5%。结论。这项研究显示了哈萨克斯坦不同年龄组的百日咳疫苗接种后的保护时间。总共520名参与者中有247人检测到IgA和IgG类抗体,占47.5%。生物血样中检出IgA抗体17例(3.3%),IgG类抗体245例(47.1%)。在研究前6个月,年龄较大的儿童和有呼吸道症状的儿童中,IgA抗体的流行率具有统计学意义。6岁(47.1%)和10-14岁(56.2%)接种百日咳疫苗的儿童中IgG抗体的流行率显著高于15-18岁年龄组(43.8%),与其他家庭成员共用卧室的儿童中IgG抗体的流行率也显著高于单独居住的儿童。因此,可以说,在年龄较大的年龄组中,百日咳病例有所增加,而保护性疫苗免疫力有所下降,这引起了人们对家庭中易受感染儿童的感染传播以及加强疫苗接种战略的必要性的关注。
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