Implementation of BAPETEN chairman regulation no. 16 years 2013 for extracting rare earth elements from TENORM materials

M. Alfiyan
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Abstract

Rare earth metals are elements (REE) of lanthanides metal which are mostly made use in industrial and medical fields. Smelting process of tin or zircon will produce TENORM (Technologically enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) materials, such as monazite, zircon, and ilmenite. The TENORM minerals will contain rare earth metals. There are many smelting industries of tin or zircon in Indonesia. Therefore, they show a high potency of rare earth metals in this country. BAPETEN Chairman’s Regulation (BCR) No. 16 Year 2013 (BCR No. 16/2013) [1], concerning Radiation Safety of Storage of TENORM, allows TENORM producers to take out the metal or non-metal minerals in the TENORM materials after they get a technical recommendation from BAPETEN. This paper aims to provide a consideration concerning the criterion to gain a technical recommendation. This paper organized and reviewed BCR No. 16/2013 and compared it to the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) safety standard. Rare earth minerals are always present together with other elements, including radionuclides from U or Th series. REE minerals from Bangka Island contain monazite and xenotime, radioactive elements like Th which detected at 6–7 % in monazite and less than 2 % in xenotime, respectively. While safety report series of IAEA states that content of rare earth ore consists of 5–6 % REEs and 0.04 % Th oxide (or 4.7 % REEs and 0.035 % Th). The TENORM material utilization as regulated on BCR 16/2013 is the same with conditional clearance terminology for radioactive materials. Trivial dose approach that is a conditional clearance can be considered as a technical recommendation criterion. This is because it does not need radiation protection pre-requisites after getting the technical recommendation. The upper level of trivial individual effective dose is equivalent to 100 µSv per year. The dose assessment should consider the exposure pathways to the non-radiation workers (public), specifically those who get involved in external and internal exposure.
执行BAPETEN主席条例第1号。16年,2013年从TENORM材料中提取稀土元素
稀土金属是镧系金属中的元素(REE),主要用于工业和医疗领域。锡或锆石的熔炼过程将产生TENORM(技术增强天然放射性物质)材料,如独居石、锆石和钛铁矿。TENORM矿物将含有稀土金属。印尼有许多锡或锆石冶炼工业。因此,它们显示了稀土金属在这个国家的高潜力。BAPETEN 2013年第16号主席法规(BCR No. 16/2013)[1],关于TENORM储存的辐射安全,允许TENORM生产商在获得BAPETEN的技术推荐后,将TENORM材料中的金属或非金属矿物取出。本文的目的是提供一个关于标准的考虑,以获得技术建议。本文对BCR No. 16/2013进行了整理和审核,并与国际原子能机构(IAEA)安全标准进行了比较。稀土矿物总是与其他元素一起存在,包括来自U或Th系列的放射性核素。邦加岛稀土矿物中含有独居石和xenotime,其中Th等放射性元素在独居石中含量为6 - 7%,在xenotime中含量低于2%。而国际原子能机构的安全报告系列指出,稀土矿的含量由5 - 6%的稀土和0.04%的氧化钍(或4.7%的稀土和0.035%的Th)组成。BCR 16/2013规定的TENORM材料使用与放射性材料的条件许可术语相同。小剂量方法是一种有条件的清除方法,可视为技术推荐标准。这是因为它在获得技术建议后不需要辐射防护的先决条件。微不足道的个人有效剂量上限相当于每年100µSv。剂量评估应考虑非辐射工作人员(公众)的照射途径,特别是那些参与外照射和内照射的人员。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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