Smart contracts for automated control system in Blockchain based smart cities

IF 1.8 4区计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI:10.3233/AIS-210601

N. Pradhan, A. Singh

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引用次数: 11

Abstract

Nowadays, smart applications are increasing day by day to improve the standard of living in smart cities. A modern-day smart city is characterized by the presence of numerous smart Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-enabled services such as automated healthcare, automatic building monitoring, home automation, smart parking, traffic management, data security, among others. Such cities employ multitudes of Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect and share data between trusted users by means of a centralized intermediary for monitoring and control of the myriad automatic activities. However, a centralized intermediary is plagued by issues such as single point of failure, risk of data loss, man-in-the-middle attack, and so forth. Blockchain-based smart contracts for automated control in smart cities provide a decentralized and secure alternative. In this paper, an Ethereum based system design for decentralized applications in smart cities has been proposed that enables systems to share data without an intermediary between trusted and non-trusted stakeholders using Ethereum based self-executing contracts. Such contracts allow automated multi-step workflows for smart applications. Two use cases, have been considered namely smart healthcare and smart building monitoring, as proof of stake of the proposed Ethereum based contract. The performance of the proposed scheme for these use cases has been presented with Keccack 256 transaction hash, the total number of transactions, gas consumed by each contract. Such an attempt is a worthwhile addition to state of the art as evident from the results presented herein. The modeling simulation and analysis of hashing power shows that for hashing power greater than 55% the probability of double spending attack reaches to 42% maximum. So it is concluded that the probability of double spending increases with the increase of transaction values.

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基于区块链的智能城市自动控制系统的智能合约

如今，智能应用日益增多，提高了智慧城市的生活水平。现代智慧城市的特点是拥有众多支持信息和通信技术(ICT)的智能服务，如自动医疗保健、自动楼宇监控、家庭自动化、智能停车、交通管理、数据安全等。这些城市采用大量的物联网(IoT)设备，通过集中的中介来收集和共享可信用户之间的数据，以监视和控制无数的自动活动。然而，集中式中介受到诸如单点故障、数据丢失风险、中间人攻击等问题的困扰。基于区块链的智能合约为智能城市的自动控制提供了一种分散和安全的替代方案。在本文中，提出了一种基于以太坊的智能城市分散应用程序的系统设计，该设计使系统能够使用基于以太坊的自动执行合约在可信和非可信利益相关者之间无需中介的情况下共享数据。这种契约允许智能应用程序的自动化多步骤工作流。已经考虑了两个用例，即智能医疗和智能建筑监控，作为拟议的基于以太坊的合同的权益证明。这些用例的拟议方案的性能已经用Keccack 256事务哈希，事务总数，每个合约消耗的gas来表示。从本文提出的结果可以看出，这种尝试是对技术状态的值得补充。对哈希算力的建模仿真和分析表明，当哈希算力大于55%时，双花攻击的概率最大可达42%。由此得出，随着交易金额的增加，双重支付的概率也随之增加。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

CiteScore

4.30

自引率

17.60%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments (JAISE) serves as a forum to discuss the latest developments on Ambient Intelligence (AmI) and Smart Environments (SmE). Given the multi-disciplinary nature of the areas involved, the journal aims to promote participation from several different communities covering topics ranging from enabling technologies such as multi-modal sensing and vision processing, to algorithmic aspects in interpretive and reasoning domains, to application-oriented efforts in human-centered services, as well as contributions from the fields of robotics, networking, HCI, mobile, collaborative and pervasive computing. This diversity stems from the fact that smart environments can be defined with a variety of different characteristics based on the applications they serve, their interaction models with humans, the practical system design aspects, as well as the multi-faceted conceptual and algorithmic considerations that would enable them to operate seamlessly and unobtrusively. The Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments will focus on both the technical and application aspects of these.