Influence of codon 35 amino acid insertion in HIV-1 protease: insights from molecular dynamics

Abstract

One of the main challenges facing the development of effective anti HIV-1 medicines relates to the high mutation rate of essential enzymes, such as HIV-1 Protease (HIV1Pr).[1] Pereira Vaz et al. [2] first reported a threonine insertion at position 35 (E35E_T), in the HIV1Pr coding region, among treatment-naive subtype C infected individuals. Undetectable viral loads were attained after antiretroviral therapy in such individuals, with no associated major mutations, implying null contribution of E35E_T to viral resistance. Interestingly, a new study suggests a potential additive effect of position 35 insertions when in presence of major mutations – ultimately leading to resistance to HIV1Pr inhibitors in higher extent. [3] In order to study the role of the E35E_T insertion in the structure and ligand-binding propensity of HIV1Pr, homology models were generated from subtype B and subtype C base sequences, using available X-ray structures corresponding to highest identity sequences as template. Fifty (50)-nanoseconds Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were then performed for unbound and bound (HIV1PR:darunavir complex) structures of the wild-type form and a single‑point major mutation variant of HIV1PR – in all cases in presence and absence of E35_T. Combining simple measurements like the root mean square (RMS) deviations and fluctuations, applied to the whole protein and to its two functional flap regions, with principal component analysis (PCA) of the multiple MD trajectories, we herein contrast the behaviour of all systems in attempt to dissect the putative role of E35E_T in the resistance towards HIV1PR inhibitors.