Cardiovascular disease risk factors: Role of legislations that control marketing of breastmilk substitutes

A. Abul-fadl, M.M.K. Mourad, O. S. Arafa, Hanin Al-Jawaldeh
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Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality throughout the world. Breastfeeding has been shown to play a role in the prevention of CVD. The International Code for Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (BMSs) and its relevant resolutions (the Code) were adopted by the World Health Assembly to protect breastfeeding. Aim: This study aims to study the relationships between breastfeeding rates and laws that cover the code with CVD risk factors (obesity and blood pressure) and death from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: Data for scores given to national laws and provisions under the Code for protecting breastfeeding were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Baby Food Action Network report in 2020. Data for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during infancy were obtained from United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund Global data. The WHO data for CVD risk factors in adults (>18 years) included overweight, obesity raised blood pressure (RBP), raised blood glucose level (RBGL), and death from NCDs. Results: There were significant negative correlations of overweight, obesity, raised BP, and death from NCD with EBF and with scores given to national laws that cover the Code. RBGL correlated negatively with overweight and obesity. Overweight, obesity, RBP, and death from NCDs correlated inversely with provisions in the national laws for monitoring and enforcement at p<0.015. Engagement of health staff and systems and promotion in health facilities correlated with RBP and death from NCDs at p<0.01. Conclusions: Prevention of CVD can benefit from improving breastfeeding rates by the enactment of national laws that cover the Code in its entirety. All countries should enact, monitor, and enforce these laws for promoting and protecting breastfeeding and preventing long-term consequences of feeding BMS.
心血管疾病风险因素:控制母乳代用品销售的立法的作用
背景:心血管疾病(cvd)是世界范围内导致死亡的主要原因。母乳喂养已被证明在预防心血管疾病方面发挥作用。世界卫生大会通过了《国际母乳代用品销售守则》及其相关决议(《守则》),以保护母乳喂养。目的:本研究旨在研究母乳喂养率与涵盖CVD风险因素(肥胖和血压)和非传染性疾病(NCDs)死亡的法律之间的关系。方法:国家法律和《母乳喂养保护法》规定的得分数据来自世界卫生组织(世卫组织)/国际婴儿食品行动网络2020年的报告。婴儿时期纯母乳喂养(EBF)的数据来自联合国国际儿童紧急基金全球数据。世卫组织关于成人(>18岁)心血管疾病危险因素的数据包括超重、肥胖、高血压(RBP)、血糖水平升高(RBGL)和非传染性疾病死亡。结果:超重、肥胖、血压升高和非传染性疾病死亡与EBF以及涵盖该法典的国家法律的得分呈显著负相关。RBGL与超重和肥胖呈负相关。超重、肥胖、RBP和非传染性疾病死亡与国家监测和执法法律的规定呈负相关(p<0.015)。卫生人员和卫生系统的参与以及卫生设施的推广与RBP和非传染性疾病死亡相关(p<0.01)。结论:通过制定涵盖《守则》全部内容的国家法律,提高母乳喂养率有助于预防心血管疾病。所有国家都应制定、监测和执行这些法律,以促进和保护母乳喂养,并防止喂养BMS的长期后果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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