The nurse-plant effect under the dislodgement stress of landslides

Abstract

While the mitigating effects of trees on shallow landslide occurrence are well recognised, the impact of landslides on tree community structure and tree-tree interactions have received much less research attention. The structures of tree communities before and after landslides were compared in a 25-ha subtropical forest plot. Tree-tree interactions were examined by analysing the pre-and post-landslide spatial point patterns of large (DBH ≥ 20 cm) and small (1 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm) tree cohorts. In landslide scarps, 35 (34%) of 104 large trees and 467 (13%) of 3,072 small trees survived. Large (L) and small (S) tree cohorts were paired together for spatial analyses, including pre-landslide ( PL ) (L PL -S PL ), surviving ( S ) (L S -S S ), and missing ( M ) large-small tree paired cohorts (L M - S M ). We randomly selected trees from the pre-landslide tree cohorts to create two virtual paired cohorts, the L 34% -S 13% and L 66% -S 87% paired cohorts, whose population sizes were identical to the field-observed L S -S S and L M -S M paired cohorts respectively, but with random spatial patterns. Post-landslide survival rates of trees increased monotonically with DBH. Large trees dislodged by landslides scarcely reduced small-tree survival. Evidence for this included: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L M -S M paired cohort did not differ significantly from that of the virtual L 66% -S 87% paired cohort; (ii) survival rates of small trees near L M individuals did not differ significantly from those without large trees nearby. Surviving large trees had positive effects on the survival of small trees, indicated by: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L S -S S paired cohort was significantly lower than that of the virtual L 34% -S 13% paired cohort; (ii) S S individuals clumped around L S individuals, whereas the virtual L 34% -S 13% spatial relationship was random. Large trees prevent landslide dislodgement of adjacent small trees through the nurse-plant effect. Our study suggests that landslide damage in sloping forests may be reduced simply by constantly maintaining a critical density of large trees.