The second geometric-arithmetic index for trees and unicyclic graphs

Abstract

Let $G$ be a finite and simple graph with edge set $E(G)$. The second geometric-arithmetic index is defined as $GA_2(G)=sum_{uvin E(G)}frac{2sqrt{n_un_v}}{n_u+n_v}$, where $n_u$ denotes the number of vertices in $G$ lying closer to $u$ than to $v$. In this paper we find a sharp upper bound for $GA_2(T)$, where $T$ is tree, in terms of the order and maximum degree of the tree. We also find a sharp upper bound for $GA_2(G)$, where $G$ is a unicyclic graph, in terms of the order, maximum degree and girth of $G$. In addition, we characterize the trees and unicyclic graphs which achieve the upper bounds.