Subfertility in Buffaloes and the Association of Detected Milk Microbes

Anil Gautam
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Abstract

Lactogenesis is a complex physiology and an outcome of a successful reproductive cycle in mammalians. The purpose itself is to nourish the newborn with the nutrients necessary for its protection and growth a continuation from the in utero survival strategy. Thus, mammary development and physiology are intriguingly linked to the uterine changes that happen in a normal reproductive individual. Milk is a highly nutritious food that also favours the growth of microorganisms that can enter through the bloodstream or the discharge system. Briefly, the mastitis-induced release of inflammation mediators such as cytokines, interleukins, and prostaglandin F2α are established to be associated with infertility. Before breeding, mastitis can disrupt hormonal patterns (depression of estradiol production, delayed surge of luteinizing hormone) and delay ovulation. The issue of clinical mastitis is obvious but when subclinical mastitis persists for long the problem gets compounded. Thus, microbes get easily established in the mammary glands of buffaloes whose udder and teat anatomy, love for dirt, and swamp to wallow makes them more vulnerable exposing them to various kinds of pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. Buffaloes, by nature, have issues with silent heat, seasonal anestrus, more sensitive to direct radiation heat stress when faced with a pathological attack of infectious microbes in the milk chamber compromises their fertility.
水牛的低生育能力与检测到的乳微生物的关系
乳发生是哺乳动物一个复杂的生理过程,是成功繁殖周期的结果。其目的本身是为新生儿提供必要的营养,以保护和成长,这是子宫内生存策略的延续。因此,乳腺发育和生理与正常生殖个体发生的子宫变化有着有趣的联系。牛奶是一种营养丰富的食物,也有利于微生物的生长,微生物可以通过血液或排泄系统进入人体。简而言之,乳腺炎诱导的炎症介质如细胞因子、白细胞介素和前列腺素F2α的释放与不孕症有关。在繁殖之前,乳腺炎会扰乱荷尔蒙模式(雌二醇分泌减少,黄体生成素分泌延迟)并延迟排卵。临床乳腺炎的问题是显而易见的,但当亚临床乳腺炎持续很长时间的问题变得复杂。因此,微生物很容易在水牛的乳腺中建立,因为水牛的乳房和乳头的解剖结构,喜欢泥土和沼泽,使它们更容易受到各种致病微生物和机会微生物的侵害。水牛,从本质上讲,有沉默的热,季节性的无月经的问题,更敏感的直接辐射热应激时,面对病理性攻击的感染性微生物在奶室影响他们的生育能力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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