In a Corporeal Flame: The Materiality of Hellfire Before the Resurrection in Six Latin Authors

Abstract

This article examines pre-thirteenth century discussions of the materiality or immateriality of hellfire in the time before the resurrection in the works of Augustine, Gregory the Great, Julian of Toledo, Hugh of St. Victor, Peter Lombard, and Aelred of Rievaulx. I chart two possibilities regarding hellfire’s nature. In the first, the flames of Hell are incorporeal like the souls of the damned and are experienced in a manner parallel to the images encountered by dreamers. In the second, hellfire is a corporeal fire that torments the souls of the damned before the resurrection, as well as their souls and renewed bodies after the resurrection. Discussions of hellfire’s corporeality illuminate the relationship between the spiritual and the material, particularly that between material reality and its immaterial likenesses. In these discussions, incorporeal likeness or image often functions as the equivalent of the material and the experience of the bodily senses; nevertheless, a corporeal fire that is more th...