Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases: The Case of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)

Abebe Gedif Meseret
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引用次数: 9

Abstract

Infectious viral diseases are the never-ending challenge that can emerge or re-emerge in unpredictable regions and at unpredictable times. Human beings are facing an intractable problem in unexpected time and place due to these viral diseases. Human, ecological, and viral related factors are the contributing factors in the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Travel, mass gathering, urbanization, fragile or deteriorated health systems, weak disease surveillance system, limited laboratory diagnostic capacity, war, migration, poor hygienic practice, illegal animal trade, hunting and eating infected animals are among human-re-lated factors that contribute in emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Deforestation, climate change, invasion of animal habitats, the building of dams and intensive agricultural practice are contributing factors to the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. The last but not least risk factor for emergence or re-emergence of infectious viral disease is the virus-related factors. RNA viruses are deadly pathogens since they are evolving rapidly in any hostile conditions and exhibit error-prone gene replication. Mutation, reassortment, and recombination at-tributed to high evolution rate. Among many RNA viruses, coronaviruses are enveloped, helical with large, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and contain club-shaped surface proteins called spikes. Among many coronaviruses, the current temerged coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can be considered as an “inferno” which aims to damage human beings irrespective of wealth, education-al status, color, race, gender, religion, and class. This newly emerged virus has a detrimental impact on the economy, health, tourism, social interaction, education, religion, labor, markets, transportation, and human freedom, and in general, every sector is disrupted by COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, contributing factors, and a brief overview is also given to coronaviruses with especial emphasis to COVID-19.
新发和再发病毒性疾病:冠状病毒病-19 (COVID-19)病例
传染性病毒性疾病是永无止境的挑战,可能在不可预测的地区和不可预测的时间出现或重新出现。由于这些病毒性疾病,人类在意想不到的时间和地点面临着一个棘手的问题。人类、生态和病毒相关因素是病毒性传染病出现或再次出现的促成因素。旅行、大规模聚集、城市化、脆弱或恶化的卫生系统、薄弱的疾病监测系统、有限的实验室诊断能力、战争、移徙、卫生习惯差、非法动物贸易、狩猎和食用受感染的动物,都是导致病毒性传染病出现或再次出现的与人类有关的因素。森林砍伐、气候变化、对动物栖息地的入侵、水坝的建设和集约化的农业实践是导致病毒性传染病出现或重新出现的因素。传染性病毒疾病出现或再次出现的最后但并非最不重要的风险因素是病毒相关因素。RNA病毒是致命的病原体,因为它们在任何恶劣条件下都能迅速进化,并表现出容易出错的基因复制。突变、重配和重组都与高进化率有关。在许多RNA病毒中,冠状病毒是包膜的、螺旋状的,具有大的、阳性的单链RNA基因组,并含有称为刺突的棒状表面蛋白质。在众多新型冠状病毒中,新冠肺炎(COVID-19)可以说是不分财富、学历、肤色、种族、性别、宗教、阶级,都要伤害人类的“地狱”。这种新出现的病毒对经济、卫生、旅游、社会交往、教育、宗教、劳动力、市场、交通和人类自由产生了不利影响,总的来说,每个部门都受到了COVID-19的破坏。因此,本文旨在对新发和再发病毒性疾病及其影响因素进行概述,并对冠状病毒进行简要概述,重点介绍COVID-19。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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