Nuclei Isolation Staining (NIS) Method for Imaging Chromatin-Associated Proteins in Difficult Cell Types

Abstract

Spatial distribution of chromatin-associated proteins provides invaluable information for understanding gene regulation. Conventional immunostaining is widely used for labeling chromatin-associated proteins in many cell types. However, for a subset of difficult cell types, such as differentiated human keratinocytes, achieving high-quality immunostaining for nuclear proteins remains challenging. To overcome this technical barrier, we developed the nuclei isolation staining (NIS) method. In brief, NIS involves rapid isolation of nuclei from live cells, followed by fixation and staining of the nuclei directly on coverslips for subsequent high-magnification imaging. By removing the cytoplasmic contents and staining just the nuclei, this NIS method drastically improves antibody labeling efficiency for chromatin-associated proteins. In this article, we describe the development and a step-by-step protocol of NIS, using differentiated human keratinocytes as an example. We also discuss other applications, based on the principle of this NIS method, for understanding cell-type and cell-state specific gene regulation. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.