Advances in extracellular vesicle isolation methods: a path towards cell-type specific EV isolation

Adnan Shami-Shah, Benjamin G Travis, David R. Walt
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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles are small, heterogenous, phospholipid-rich vesicles that are secreted by all cells into the extracellular space. They play a key role in intercellular communication because they can transport a variety of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells. As categorized by the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), the term EV encompasses different sub-types, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, which differ in their size, origin, and cargo. EVs can be isolated from biological fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, and their biomolecular content can be analyzed to monitor the progression of certain diseases. Therefore, EVs can be used as a new source of liquid biomarkers for advancing novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Isolating and analyzing EVs can be challenging due to their nanoscopic size and low abundance. Several techniques have been developed for the isolation and characterization of EVs, including ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, size-exclusion chromatography, microfluidics, and magnetic bead-based/affinity methods. This review highlights advances in EV isolation techniques in the last decade and provides a perspective on their advantages, limitations, and potential application to cell-type specific EV isolation in the future.
细胞外囊泡分离方法的进展:通往细胞类型特异性EV分离的途径
细胞外囊泡是一种小的、多相的、富含磷脂的囊泡,由所有细胞分泌到细胞外空间。它们在细胞间通讯中起着关键作用,因为它们可以在细胞间运输各种生物分子,如蛋白质、脂质和核酸。根据国际细胞外囊泡学会(ISEV)的分类,EV一词包括不同的亚型,包括外泌体、微囊泡和凋亡小体,它们的大小、来源和载物不同。可以从血液、尿液和脑脊液等生物体液中分离出ev,并分析其生物分子含量以监测某些疾病的进展。因此,电动汽车可以作为一种新的液体生物标志物来源,用于推进新的诊断和治疗工具。由于电动汽车的纳米级尺寸和低丰度,分离和分析电动汽车可能具有挑战性。目前已经开发了几种用于分离和表征ev的技术,包括超离心、密度梯度分离、尺寸排除色谱、微流体和基于磁珠/亲和的方法。本文综述了近十年来EV分离技术的进展,并对其优势、局限性和未来在细胞类型特异性EV分离中的潜在应用前景进行了展望。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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CiteScore
4.10
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