Are Confident Parents Really Aware of Children's Online Risks? A Conceptual Model and Validation of Parental Self-Efficacy, Mediation, and Awareness Scales.

Seffetullah Kuldas, Aikaterini Sargioti, Elisabeth Staksrud, Darran Heaney, James O'Higgins Norman
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Abstract

Children's use of the Internet comes with both risks and opportunities. To minimize risks and maximize opportunities, parents may choose to observe, enable, and/or restrict their children's Internet use. However, parents' high confidence in their children's online safety can itself be a risk factor inhibiting parental awareness of online risks. This research aims to test whether confident parents are accurately aware of how frequently their child has experienced risks online. To this end, construct validity and reliability of scales measuring parental self-efficacy, restrictive-enabling-observant mediation, awareness, and Internet use were established first. Next, a conceptual model of parental awareness was proposed. These results were based on a two-parameter-logistic-model of item response theory, minimum-rank factor analysis, and parallel-mediation analysis of self-reports by a convenience sample of 388 parents in Ireland (Autumn 2019). Confident parents mostly reported their child experienced no online risk in the past couple of months, whereas unconfident parents reported their child experienced an online risk once, twice, or more times. Results of the mediation analysis indicated that confident parents likely underestimated, whereas unconfident parents overestimated, how frequently their child experienced an online risk. The accuracy of parental awareness depended on their mediation strategies, particularly restrictive mediation. Further research is needed to test whether training parents on self-efficacy and mediation of children's Internet use raises their awareness of the children's online risks.

自信的父母真的了解孩子的网络风险吗?父母自我效能、调解和意识量表的概念模型和验证。
儿童使用互联网既有风险也有机遇。为了把风险降到最低,把机会最大化,家长可以选择观察、启用和/或限制子女使用互联网。然而,家长对子女上网安全的高度自信本身也可能成为抑制家长网络风险意识的风险因素。本研究旨在测试自信的父母是否能准确地意识到他们的孩子在网上遭遇风险的频率。为此,我们首先建立了测量父母自我效能感、限制-授权-监督调解、意识和互联网使用的量表的建构效度和信度。接着,提出了家长意识的概念模型。这些结果是基于项目反应理论的双参数逻辑模型、最小秩因子分析以及对爱尔兰 388 名家长自我报告的平行中介分析(2019 年秋)得出的。有信心的家长大多表示他们的孩子在过去几个月中没有经历过网络风险,而没有信心的家长则表示他们的孩子经历过一次、两次或更多次网络风险。中介分析的结果表明,自信的家长可能低估了孩子经历网络风险的频率,而不自信的家长则高估了孩子经历网络风险的频率。家长认识的准确性取决于他们的调解策略,尤其是限制性调解。还需要进一步的研究来检验,对家长进行自我效能和调解子女使用互联网的培训是否能提高他们对子女上网风险的认识。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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CiteScore
5.40
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