Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiac Ischemia/reperfusion Injury, and Ischemic Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Biochemical and Pharmacological Implications

Abstract

Several studies have shown that high plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a known endogenous competitive inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), with worsening of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and coronary atherosclerosis. It is believed that it may be an important risk factor for myocardial infarction. ADMA, when in high concentrations, can determine a significant decrease in the synthesis and bioavailability of NO (Nitric oxide) and therefore alter the mechanisms of regulation of coronary vasodilation and vasomotor function of epicardial coronary arteries. Higher serum ADMA concentration is associated with worsening of post-ischemic remodeling since coronary angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and collateral coronary growth are seriously impaired. In addition, there are reasons to believe that elevated plasma ADMA levels are related to the development of diseases affecting coronary microcirculation, such as ischemic non-obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA). Methods: With the aim of providing the pharmacologist engaged in the design and discovery of new ADMA-lowering drugs with a complete examination of the subject, in this review, we discuss the most important studies related to the correlations between serum ADMA levels and cardiovascular diseases mentioned above. In addition, we critically discuss the main aspects of enzymology, synthesis, and metabolism of ADMA as a prerequisite for understanding the molecular mechanisms through which high concentrations of ADMA could contribute to promoting cardiovascular diseases. ADMA represents a new target for pharmacological modulation of cardiovascular endothelial function and therefore, there is a possibility of using selective pharmacological ADMA lowering drugs in cardiovascular disease with endothelial dysfunction and high plasma ADMA levels.