Thermodynamics Since Einstein

Chih-Yueh Wang
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引用次数: 7

Abstract

Relativistic thermodynamics is a relatively unknown theory. Thermodynamic laws apply only to quasi-static processes that quickly change between states that are in a long-term equilibrium. However, special relativity postulates that the propagation speed of physical signals is constrained, thus limiting the speed of change in thermal states. Einstein was especially interested in the concept of temperature and the transformation formula of thermodynamic quantities in a moving frame of reference, having inspired numerous investigations for two centuries. This article reviews the historical development of relativistic thermodynamics since Einstein, beginning from the initial idea of Planck-Einstein in which a moving body warms up, to the notion of Blanusa-Ott in which a moving body cools down, and to that of Landsberg in which the temperature remains unchanged—depending on how the observer’s thermometer is defined. Current research focuses on identifying the correct form of relativistic Maxwell distribution to validate the related theory. Recent computational results using molecular dynamic simulations and their relevance to astrophysics are outlined as well.
爱因斯坦以来的热力学
相对论热力学是一个相对不为人知的理论。热力学定律只适用于在长期平衡状态之间快速变化的准静态过程。然而,狭义相对论假定物理信号的传播速度是受限的,因此限制了热态变化的速度。爱因斯坦对温度的概念和运动参照系中热力学量的变换公式特别感兴趣,两个世纪以来激发了无数的研究。本文回顾了自爱因斯坦以来相对论热力学的历史发展,从普朗克-爱因斯坦提出的运动物体变暖的最初想法,到布兰萨-奥特提出的运动物体变冷的概念,再到兰茨伯格提出的温度保持不变的概念,这取决于观察者的温度计是如何定义的。目前的研究重点是确定相对论麦克斯韦分布的正确形式,以验证相关理论。本文还概述了分子动力学模拟的最新计算结果及其与天体物理学的相关性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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