Linking load demands to power generation pollutant emissions based on locational marginal prices

Abstract

A model has been developed that links electric power load demands to power generation pollutant emissions using data available to the general public. The relationship between generation costs and generation types is developed first using real-time fuel cost data. The locational marginal price (LMP) at any bus in the system is then used to determine the generating unit type that is “marginal” at any specific point in space and time. Emission factors associated with power generator types are obtained through data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Historical energy consumption and emissions data is used to validate the approach. The model can be used to estimate changes in emissions associated with incremental changes in power demand or shifting of power demands in space and time. A pilot study has been carried out using demand loads from the water distribution network of the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD). The DWSD is one of the largest water utilities in the US; the electric power dispatch is managed by the Midwest Independent System Operator (MISO). The paper provides examples of potential applications of the model to improve public awareness of sustainability issues associated with personal energy consumption decisions.