Extended Graded Modalities in Strategy Logic

Abstract

Strategy Logic (SL) is a logical formalism for strategic reasoning in multi-agent systems. Its main feature is that it has variables for strategies that are associated to specific agents with a binding operator. We introduce Graded Strategy Logic (GRADEDSL), an extension of SL by graded quantifiers over tuples of strategy variables, i.e., “there exist at least g different tuples (x1;:::; xn) of strategies” where g is a cardinal from the set N[f?0;?1; 2 ?0g. We prove that the model-checking problem of GRADEDSL is decidable. We then turn to the complexity of fragments of GRADEDSL. When the g’s are restricted to finite cardinals, written GRADEDNSL, the complexity of model-checking is no harder than for SL, i.e., it is non-elementary in the quantifier rank. We illustrate our formalism by showing how to count the number of different strategy profiles that are Nash equilibria (NE), or subgame-perfect equilibria (SPE). By analyzing the structure of the specific formulas involved, we conclude that the important problems of checking for the existence of a unique NE or SPE can both be solved in 2EXPTIME, which is not harder than merely checking for the existence of such equilibria.