Finite Networks of Infinite Capabilities: Nanogels

M. Buonomenna
{"title":"Finite Networks of Infinite Capabilities: Nanogels","authors":"M. Buonomenna","doi":"10.2174/1874464811999180831124123","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels are three-dimensionally cross-linked polymeric networks of natural or synthetic origin swollen by the solvent (i.e. water) in which they are dissolved. The polymers exhibit high water absorbent capacities (over 90% weight of water in the composite). When the size of the hydrogel networks is in the range of nanometers, they are called nanogels. The term “nanogels” was introduced in 1999 by Vinogradov and co-workers [1, 2] to define the swollen chemically cross-linked networks of cationic and neutral polymers such as branched PEG-cl-PEI made from Polyethylenemine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), initially designed for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. However, Sunamoto and co-workers [3] six years before described the phenomenon of the self-assembly of cholesterol-modified polysaccharides, which resulted in the formation of swollen hydrogels of nanoscale size. Hydrogels, in general, and nanogels, in particular, are similar to living cells and are unique systems that are distinctly different from rigid nanoparticles, flexible macromolecules, micelles, vesicles and soft components. Living cells contain multiple compartmentalized organelles surrounded by membranes that perform distinct functions to maintain cell physiology. The construction of multi-compartmental systems to perform distinct biochemical reactions in one pot, as in living cellular systems, has attracted the attention of many research groups [4-8]. Compared to Pickering emulsions and functional polymeric micelles which even though opportunely manipulated to form distinguished spatial compartments to optimize incompatible tandem reactions [9, 10] present the challenge of bio-compatibilities, nanogels exhibit reliable mechanical stability and biocompatibility making them not only promising for the construction of multi-compartmental systems, but also widely applicable in the biomedical industry as discussed by Nita et al. [11] in their recent review entitled “Polymeric Nanogels with applicability in the biomedical field”. Compared to comprehensive and specific review articles in the same field [12-16], the review by Nita et al. [11] has the relevant characteristic of focusing on recent patents literature carefully divided according to their domain of applicability: drug delivery systems, inhibition of tumor cells for the release of chemotherapeutic compounds, vaccines, tissue engineering reconstruction, contact lens and contrast agents, imaging and theranostic applications (Fig. 1). Among these biomedical applications, the area of drug delivery","PeriodicalId":20875,"journal":{"name":"Recent Patents on Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Recent Patents on Materials Science","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874464811999180831124123","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Hydrogels are three-dimensionally cross-linked polymeric networks of natural or synthetic origin swollen by the solvent (i.e. water) in which they are dissolved. The polymers exhibit high water absorbent capacities (over 90% weight of water in the composite). When the size of the hydrogel networks is in the range of nanometers, they are called nanogels. The term “nanogels” was introduced in 1999 by Vinogradov and co-workers [1, 2] to define the swollen chemically cross-linked networks of cationic and neutral polymers such as branched PEG-cl-PEI made from Polyethylenemine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), initially designed for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. However, Sunamoto and co-workers [3] six years before described the phenomenon of the self-assembly of cholesterol-modified polysaccharides, which resulted in the formation of swollen hydrogels of nanoscale size. Hydrogels, in general, and nanogels, in particular, are similar to living cells and are unique systems that are distinctly different from rigid nanoparticles, flexible macromolecules, micelles, vesicles and soft components. Living cells contain multiple compartmentalized organelles surrounded by membranes that perform distinct functions to maintain cell physiology. The construction of multi-compartmental systems to perform distinct biochemical reactions in one pot, as in living cellular systems, has attracted the attention of many research groups [4-8]. Compared to Pickering emulsions and functional polymeric micelles which even though opportunely manipulated to form distinguished spatial compartments to optimize incompatible tandem reactions [9, 10] present the challenge of bio-compatibilities, nanogels exhibit reliable mechanical stability and biocompatibility making them not only promising for the construction of multi-compartmental systems, but also widely applicable in the biomedical industry as discussed by Nita et al. [11] in their recent review entitled “Polymeric Nanogels with applicability in the biomedical field”. Compared to comprehensive and specific review articles in the same field [12-16], the review by Nita et al. [11] has the relevant characteristic of focusing on recent patents literature carefully divided according to their domain of applicability: drug delivery systems, inhibition of tumor cells for the release of chemotherapeutic compounds, vaccines, tissue engineering reconstruction, contact lens and contrast agents, imaging and theranostic applications (Fig. 1). Among these biomedical applications, the area of drug delivery
无限能力的有限网络:纳米凝胶
水凝胶是天然或合成的三维交联聚合物网络,由溶解它们的溶剂(即水)膨胀而成。该聚合物具有较高的吸水能力(复合材料中水的重量超过90%)。当水凝胶网络的大小在纳米范围内时,它们被称为纳米凝胶。术语“纳米凝胶”于1999年由Vinogradov及其同事[1,2]提出,用于定义阳离子和中性聚合物的膨胀化学交联网络,例如由聚乙烯胺(PEI)和聚乙二醇(PEG)制成的支链PEG-cl-PEI,最初设计用于传递反义寡核苷酸。然而,Sunamoto和他的同事在六年前描述了胆固醇修饰多糖的自组装现象,这导致了纳米级大小的膨胀水凝胶的形成。一般来说,水凝胶,尤其是纳米凝胶,与活细胞相似,是一种独特的系统,与刚性纳米颗粒、柔性大分子、胶束、囊泡和软组分明显不同。活细胞包含多个区隔化的细胞器,它们被膜包围,执行不同的功能来维持细胞生理。像活细胞系统一样,构建多室系统在一个锅中进行不同的生化反应,已经引起了许多研究小组的注意[4-8]。皮克林乳剂和功能聚合物胶束虽然可以通过适当的操作形成不同的空间区室来优化不相容的串联反应[9,10],但它们面临着生物相容性的挑战。相比之下,纳米凝胶具有可靠的机械稳定性和生物相容性,这使得它们不仅有望用于构建多区室系统,而且还广泛应用于生物医学工业,正如Nita等人在他们最近题为“生物医学领域适用性的聚合物纳米凝胶”的综述中所讨论的那样。与同一领域全面而具体的综述文章相比[12-16],Nita等人的综述具有根据适用领域仔细划分的近期专利文献的相关特点:药物传递系统,抑制肿瘤细胞释放化疗化合物,疫苗,组织工程重建,隐形眼镜和造影剂,成像和治疗应用(图1)。在这些生物医学应用中,药物传递领域
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信