A New Class of Permanent Clay Stabilizers

Ahmed Assem, H. Nasr-El-Din, Thomas L. Harper
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

A new class of permanent clay stabilizers has been developed inorganic based on an aluminum/zirconium-based compound. The increased charge density of the molecule allows it to bind more strongly to swelling clays, while its relatively low molecular weight allows it to stabilize the clay permanently without causing formation damage by blocking the pore throats and reducing permeability. The most commonly used clay stabilizers are organic and inorganic chloride salts including trimethylammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and choline chloride. These salts have been used for years, are effective in most wells, and are both cheap and abundant. However, their high water solubility and the relatively small size of the cation means that these products are highly mobile and thus are quickly washed away during flowback. Several chemical derivatives were made from a tri-functional amine by reacting it with organic and inorganic acids such HCl, acetic acid, and formic acid; as well as alkylating agents, including chloromethane, benzyl chloride, diethyl sulfate, and paraformaldehyde. Certain cationic polymers have also proven useful as clay stabilizers. These much larger molecules are not as easily washed away due to steric hindrance and a much higher charge density per molecule. These products have proved useful as long-term clay stabilizers, but their high molecular weights can lead to formation damage by causing them to be filtered out on the rock face. In this research, several laboratory tests were carried out on the new clay stabilizer. These tests included coreflood experiments conducted on Berea sandstone cores to assess the stabilizer at high temperatures and the influence of different acids on its performance. Coreflood effluent samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure the concentrations of aluminum and zirconium. This new permanent clay stabilizer improved productivity from formations that have high clay content by minimizing clay swelling and thus preventing formation damage caused by clogged pore throats and subsequent loss of permeability. It worked well at temperatures up to 250°F and with 15 wt% HCl and regular mud acid (12 wt% HCl, 3 wt% HF).
一类新型永久粘土稳定剂
研制了一种新型的以铝/锆基化合物为基础的无机永久粘土稳定剂。分子电荷密度的增加使其能够更牢固地与膨胀粘土结合,而相对较低的分子量使其能够永久稳定粘土,而不会因堵塞孔喉和降低渗透率而对地层造成损害。最常用的粘土稳定剂是有机和无机氯化物盐,包括三甲氯化铵、氯化钾和氯化胆碱。这些盐已经使用多年,在大多数井中都很有效,而且既便宜又丰富。然而,它们的高水溶性和相对较小的阳离子尺寸意味着这些产物具有高度的流动性,因此在反排过程中很快被冲走。三官能团胺与盐酸、乙酸、甲酸等有机酸和无机酸反应,得到了几种化学衍生物;以及烷基化剂,包括氯甲烷、氯化苄、硫酸二乙酯和多聚甲醛。某些阳离子聚合物也被证明是有用的粘土稳定剂。由于空间位阻和每个分子更高的电荷密度,这些大得多的分子不容易被冲走。这些产品被证明是长期的粘土稳定剂,但它们的高分子量会导致它们在岩石表面被过滤掉,从而损害地层。在本研究中,对新型粘土稳定剂进行了室内试验。这些测试包括在Berea砂岩岩心上进行的岩心驱替实验,以评估稳定剂在高温下的性能以及不同酸对其性能的影响。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定了驱心液中铝和锆的浓度。这种新型的永久性粘土稳定剂通过减少粘土膨胀,从而提高了高粘土含量地层的产能,从而防止了孔喉堵塞和随后的渗透率损失对地层造成的损害。它在高达250°F的温度下,在15wt % HCl和常规泥浆酸(12wt % HCl, 3wt % HF)中工作良好。
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