Application of Afoadag model (an improvement on bell –lapadula model) to security in e-learning

Abstract

The Bell-LaPadula Model was developed by David Elliott Bell and Len LaPadula in 1973,it focuses on data confidentiality and access to classified information,the model is built on the concept of a state machine with a set of allowable ststes in a system. The model is found to be limited due to the fact that it only deal with confidentiality not integrity, also it does not address management of access control and contains covert channels. With this background another model called AFOADAG is developed as an improvement on Bell –Lapadula model ,by an