Endoecology of the oral cavity and cytomorphological features of buccal epithelium in people with inflammatory periodontal diseases

Abstract

Introduction. The state of endoecological homeostasis of the oral cavityi sensured by the colonization resistance of the microbiota, as well as protective reactions on the part of immune and epithelial cells, including the buccal epithelium. Aim. To establish the cytomorphological features of the buccal epithelium and the state of the microbiota that colonizes the biotopes of the oral cavity in individuals with periodontitis living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Methods. A cross-sectional clinical and laboratory examination of 91 people permanently residing in the conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation was carried out. Cytomorphological studies (index evaluation and detection of anomalies) of buccal epitheliocytes, molecular genetic studies (isolation of periodontopathogens by real-time PCR), statistical analysis of the data obtained were performed. Results. The results of the index evaluation in the group with periodontitis were unsatisfactory: cell differentiation index - 85%, p0.001, keratinization index - 88%, p0.001. The frequency of detection of cytogenetic disorders, indicators of apoptosis and proliferative processes also prevailed in the group of patients with periodontitis: micronuclei 88%, protrusions 71.6%, proliferation rates 89.5%, karyolysis 10.4% and karyorrhexis 26.8%. Most often (70.1%) markers of P. gingivalis were detected, in 41.8% of cases - T. forsythia, associations of periodontopathogens in 17.8%. Positive correlations of moderate and weak degree were revealed between the presence of cells with cytomorphological disorders with the definition of P. gingivalis: cells with micronuclei (r=0.413, p0.001), cells with protrusions (r=0.228, p=0.029), presence binuclear cells (r=0.402, p0.001) and indicators of apoptosis (r=0.283, p=0.006 and r=0.383, p0.001), as well as between all the studied cytomorphological disorders and the release of the periodontalpathogen T.forsythia. Direct correlations of the average degree of strength were established between the isolation of periodontopathogens in associations and the presence of cells with protrusions, indicators of proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusions. Inflammation of periodontal tissues is provided by shifts in the endoecological balance: the combined action of periodontalpathogenic microbes that trigger a cascade of immune responses, leading to damage to the tissue microenvironment, primarily buccal epithelial cells.