Changes of Periodontal Tissues Because of Orthodontic Treatment: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the periodontal status before and after orthodontic treatment and to analyze the confounding factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study analyzed pre- and posttreatment records of a total of 60 patients. Intraoral digital photographs before and after the orthodontic treatment were used to measure the following three periodontal variables: (a) width of the keratinized gingiva, (b) gingival recession, and (c) the status of interdental papilla. The ImageJ 46 software imaging program was used to perform the required measurements. The clinical data were then analyzed in an association with the participants’ demographic data, the type of orthodontic tooth movement, and other confounding factors. The data obtained were manually entered into the statistical package and analyzed using a significance level set at P < .05. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used to identify differences among the studied variables. Results: Among the 60 patients, the majority (66.7%) were females. Most cases of the treated malocclusion were Class II, and most patients underwent intrusion and retrusion movements. The width of keratinized gingiva increased for most sites of upper teeth. In contrast, the lower teeth showed a mix of improvement and compromised width of keratinized gingiva. As a measure of gingival recession, the difference of clinical crown height revealed the tendency toward a reduced clinical crown height for most sites. Upper left lateral incisors and canines showed significant values with regard to keratinized gingival width measurements and tooth movements such as extrusion and intrusion movements. Likewise, with regard to the clinical crown height, upper right central incisors showed significant differences when correlated with the interincisal angle, lower incisors to the mandibular plane, and upper incisors to the NA line. The upper lateral incisors also showed significant correlations to certain cephalometric measurements. Conclusions: The orthodontic treatment was found to exert a significantly positive impact on the surrounding periodontium, particularly in the upper canine areas. Likewise, various types of tooth movement were found to positively affect the periodontium.