Development of high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine

R. Vyskub, H. Chuhrii, O. Bondareva
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Abstract

Topicality. One of the conditions to increase stably the soft winter wheat yield is plant breeding with high plasticity and resistance to adverse environmental factors, pests and diseases. Issues. Development of new high-yielding varieties with higher resistance to adverse weather conditions is important to increase crop produc-tivity. Aim. To create the initial material and high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat in conditions of insuffi-cient soil moisture in the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The research was conducted according to B. Dospekhov's method of field experience. The research was conducted in the 2017–2020 on the SE Research Farm Zaboishchyk of Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station NAAS at the Rozlyv village, Volnovakha district, Donetsk region. The field trials were conducted in the selective crop rotation of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station. The predecessors were black fallow and corn for grain. Research methods: hybridological, field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods. Results. According to the research results, it was found that the 77 numbers selected from hybrid combinations were left in the control nursery for further study. Among them were three numbers hk 363, hk 353, hk 403 which largest exceeded the standard by 14.1–19.7%. There are 42 numbers studied in a small competitive variety trial. It was determined that 15 hybrid combinations were the best than the standard (Donetska 48 variety) by 0.03–1.57 t/ha. In the competitive variety trial, 21 winter wheat cultivars after black fallow, and 25 cultivars after maize for silage were studied. According to yield, the best hybrid combinations after fallow were hk 4, hk 863/2, hk 716/1, which exceeded the standard Donetsk 48 by 0.41–0.51 t/ha, and after maize for silage, the best hybrid combinations were hk 321, hk 363, hk 318, in which the increase to the standard yield was 0.39-0.47 t/ha. According to the grain yield, the best varieties in the ecological variety trial were Bohynia, Popeliushka, Dyvo donetske, Oberih Myronivskyi, Yuzovska, Ihrysta, Peremoha, Patriotka, which exceeded the Donetsk 48 standard variety by 0.35-0.68 t/ha. Conclusions. It was determined that the development of new high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat will increase productivity due to their adaptability for growing conditions in the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine. According to the analysis of the research results, the steppe ecotype varieties demonstrate a significant advantage on all the studied indicators; they better realize their genetic potential in specific soil and climatic conditions. Key words: breeding, winter wheat, hybridization, variety, yield.
乌克兰东南部草原条件下高产软质冬小麦品种的开发
时事性。软质冬小麦产量稳定提高的条件之一是选育可塑性强、抗不利环境因素和病虫害的植物。问题。开发抗逆性强的高产新品种对提高作物生产力具有重要意义。的目标。在乌克兰东南部草原土壤水分不足的条件下,创造出软冬小麦的原始材料和高产品种。材料和方法。这项研究是根据B. Dospekhov的实地经验方法进行的。该研究于2017-2020年在顿涅茨克州Volnovakha区Rozlyv村的顿涅茨克国家农业研究站NAAS的SE研究农场Zaboishchyk进行。田间试验在顿涅茨克国家农业研究站的选择性轮作中进行。以前是黑色休耕地和玉米作谷物。研究方法:杂交学、野外、实验室、数学和统计方法。结果。根据研究结果,从杂交组合中选出的77个品种可留作对照苗圃进一步研究。其中三个数字hk363、hk353和hk403最大超标14.1%至19.7%。在一个小型的竞争性品种试验中研究了42个数字。结果表明,15个杂交组合比标准品种(Donetska 48品种)增产0.03 ~ 1.57 t/ha。在竞争品种试验中,对21个黑色休耕后冬小麦品种和25个青贮后玉米品种进行了研究。从产量看,休耕后最佳杂交组合为hk4、hk863 /2、hk716 /1,比标准顿涅茨克48高出0.41 ~ 0.51 t/ha;青贮玉米后最佳杂交组合为hk321、hk363、hk318,提高标准产量0.39 ~ 0.47 t/ha。从产量上看,生态品种试验的最佳品种为波希尼亚、波佩利乌什卡、顿涅茨克迪沃、奥伯利赫·米罗尼夫斯基、尤佐夫斯卡、伊赫里斯塔、佩列莫哈、帕特里奥特卡,比顿涅茨克48号标准品种高出0.35 ~ 0.68 t/ha。结论。由于软冬小麦对乌克兰东南部草原的生长条件具有适应性,因此确定开发新的高产软冬小麦品种将提高生产力。根据研究结果分析,草原生态型品种在各指标上均表现出显著优势;它们在特定的土壤和气候条件下更好地发挥其遗传潜力。关键词:育种,冬小麦,杂交,品种,产量。
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