Coronavirus XBB.1.5 as an Indicator of the Long-Term Continuation of the Covid-19 pandemic. What Next for Vaccination?

E. P. Kharchenko
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Abstract

The article discusses the properties of the pandemic strain XBB.1.5 S protein in comparison with the 1918 and 2009 pandemic strains hemagglutinin H1. The S-protein XBB.1.5 already contains more than 40 mutations realized by substituting different amino acids through single and dinucleotide substitutions, deletions and the use of predominantly transversions. The variability of H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is associated with single nucleotide substitutions at a constant length. Conditional extrapolation of influenza virus hemagglutinin variability data on coronavirus S-protein sizes suggests that new pandemic strains will emerge in the next 2-3 years, avoiding the immune defense formed by vaccination against the strains preceding them. The inability to create through the adaptive immune system a long-term immunity to pandemic coronaviruses, as well as to other respiratory viruses with a short incubation cycle, puts on the agenda the need to find new vaccine designs that provide a combination of long-term adaptive and trained immunity. The problem in the search for such vaccines is associated with the regulation of the activity of the innate immune system and ensuring the stability of trained immunity.
冠状病毒XBB.1.5作为Covid-19大流行长期持续的指标疫苗接种的下一步是什么?
本文讨论了大流行毒株XBB.1.5 S蛋白与1918年和2009年大流行毒株血凝素H1的特性。s蛋白XBB.1.5已经包含了40多个突变,这些突变是通过单核苷酸和二核苷酸替换、缺失和主要使用翻转来取代不同的氨基酸而实现的。H1N1流感病毒血凝素的变异与恒定长度的单核苷酸替换有关。根据流感病毒血凝素变异数据对冠状病毒s蛋白大小的条件外推表明,新的大流行毒株将在未来2-3年内出现,避免对之前毒株接种疫苗形成的免疫防御。由于无法通过适应性免疫系统产生对大流行性冠状病毒以及其他潜伏期较短的呼吸道病毒的长期免疫,因此需要寻找能够提供长期适应性免疫和训练免疫相结合的新疫苗设计。寻找此类疫苗的问题与调节先天免疫系统的活性和确保训练免疫的稳定性有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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