Hybrid Cash Balance and Pension Equity Plans: Origins and Development

Abstract

It is widely recognized that there has been a massive shift from defined-benefit (DB) to defined-contribution pension plans. However, the full extent of that shift from fully functioning DB plans is generally understated. This article measures and relates the extent of that understatement and its importance for retirement income. It then discusses the increasing importance of cash balance and pension equity plans and their legality. It then conducts an in-depth discussion of large (Fortune 500) employers, small- and medium-sized employers, and then very small employers (25 or fewer active participants). It concludes that retirement income plans in the United States are far from static. Indeed, they have evolved throughout the era and will continue to do so in the future.