Female Hooligan Youth and the Regulation of Socialist Morality in 1960s Rural Beijing

Ziyu Guo
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Abstract

This article explores the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) efforts to regulate socialist morality and reform those seen as violating it during the Cultural Revolution through a case study of Gong Moumou, a female youth hooligan in rural Beijing between 1966 and 1968. The CCP mobilized local agents and institutions to regulate and reform female hooligans’ sexual desires, thoughts, and activities to exert social, political, and moral control over female youth. Since 1949, Mao and the CCP had promoted social reform to reshape the thoughts of the masses, including people’s ethics and morality. At the local level, the state pursued the rural peasantry’s reform and re-education via political classes centred on Mao Zedong Thought (Maoism). Although the CCP in the 1950s embraced hooligans as a part of the lumpenproletariat, by the time of the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s, hooligans became a target of government reform. In rural Haidian, local government agents attempted to regulate and reform Gong Moumou’s hooliganism (liumang xingwei) according to the CCP’s standards of socialist morality as articulated through the ideal image of the socialist woman. Documents related to Gong’s investigation and reform, including her written confessions and the report of another individual, highlight the state’s methods during the Cultural Revolution to regulate socialist morality, reform rural young women according to the standard of the ideal socialist woman, and label female sexuality as evidence of dangerous bourgeois thinking.
60年代北京农村女流氓青年与社会主义道德规范
本文以龚某某为例,探讨了中国共产党在文化大革命期间为规范社会主义道德和改革那些被视为违反社会主义道德的人所做的努力。龚某某是1966年至1968年期间北京农村的一名女流氓。中共动员地方机关和机构对女流氓的性欲、思想和行为进行规范和改造,对女青年实行社会、政治和道德控制。自1949年以来,毛和中共推动社会改革,重塑了人民群众的思想,包括人民的伦理道德。虽然中共在20世纪50年代将流氓视为流氓无产阶级的一部分,但到了20世纪60年代末的文化大革命时期,流氓成为政府改革的目标。在海淀农村,当地政府官员试图根据共产党的社会主义道德标准,通过社会主义妇女的理想形象来规范和改造龚某某的流氓行为。龚氏被调查和改造的相关文件,包括她的书面供词和另一个人的报告,突出了国家在文化大革命期间规范社会主义道德的方法,按照理想的社会主义女性的标准改造农村年轻女性,并将女性的性行为贴上资产阶级危险思想的标签。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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