Tránsitos y continuidades culturales en el IV y III milenio cal BC en el Valle del Ebro: los asentamientos al aire libre de Igay y los Cascajos (La Rioja, España)

Abstract

espanolIV. milurtekoaren erdialdea eta K.a. III. milurtekoaren artean datatutako aire zabaleko bi kokalekuren indusketa arkeologikoren emaitzak biltzen ditu. Errioxan, Ebro ibaiaren eskuinaldean, populaketa mota honen inguruan argitaratutako froga bakarrak direla esan dezakegu. Bi kokalekuek ezaugarri berdinak dituzte neurriari, antolaketari eta kokapen-irizpideei dagokienez, eta ohikoak ziren ezaugarri horiek megalito handiak eraikitzen zituzten gizarte segmentarioetan. Azken Neolitoa-Kalkolitoa eta Kalkolitoa-Antzinako Brontze Aroaren arteko trantsizioko kultura materialeko elementuak dituzte, hurrenez hurren, 14C datazio bidez testuingurua finkatuta. Hala eta guztiz ere, profil arkeologikoetan aldeak nabari ditzakegu sorrerari eta haietako bakoitzean garatu zituzten jarduerei dagokienez, “zulo-zelaietarako” dinamiken baitan. Hilobi megalitikoekin eta barrunbeetako leku bizigarriekin alderatuta, herrixka sinkronikoetan esku-hartze gutxiago egin denez, beharrezkoa izan da informazioa dibertsifikatzea, hala, komunitate horietako profil zehatzagoak lortu ahal izateko. espanolSe presentan los resultados de la excavacion arqueologica de dos asentamientos al aire libre fechados entre mediados del IV y III milenio cal BC, practicamente los unicos testimonios publicados de este tipo de poblamiento en la margen derecha del rio Ebro en La Rioja. Ambos presentan caracteristicas comunes en su tamano, organizacion y criterios de emplazamiento, propios de las sociedades segmentarias constructoras de grandes megalitos. Poseen elementos de cultura material de transicion del Neolitico Final-Calcolitico y Calcolitico-Bronce Antiguo, respectivamente, contextualizados por dataciones 14C. A pesar de ello, sus perfiles arqueologicos tienen diferencias en la concepcion y las actividades que en cada uno se desarrollaron, dentro de las dinamicas que se suponen para los “campos de hoyos”. El deficit de intervenciones en poblados sincronicos frente a sepulcros megaliticos y contextos habitacionales en cavidad, hace necesario diversificar la informacion para obtener perfiles mas ajustados de estas comunidades. EnglishWe present the results of the archaeological excavation in two open-air settlements dated between the middle of the IV and III millennium cal BC, practically only published testimonies in the right margin of the Ebro River (La Rioja, Spain). Both show common characteristics in their size (2-2.5 ha), organization and location criteria in an intermediate fluvial terrace, characteristics of segmental societies that built megaliths; also because the low number of archaeological materials that suggest a temporary and recurrent occupation. The settlement of Igay (Varea-Logrono, Spain) is chronologically located in the Late Neolithic (4750 ± 30 BP, 3637-3382 cal BC 2σ); the structural record is formed by 15 pits (storage pits, furnace, post hole and other indeterminate pits). Geometrical and retouching flat cover coexist as elements of lithic industry transition to the Chalcolithic, which could be placed ca. 3500 cal BC. Pottery are related to the Cameros megalithic stations, 20 km away and with evident contextual and chronological relation. The settlement is explained by the temporary exploitation of the resources in Ebro River fertile plain, with agricultural and hunting activities evidenced by hand querns and lithic arrowheads, respectively. Los Cascajos (Granon, Spain) site is an open-air Chalcolithic settlement with an appreciable organization in disposition of the 32 negative structures documented. Approximately, 47% are combustion structures; the rest are interpreted as pits storage, post holes, indeterminate pits and a possible hut. Two almost continuous ditches delimit the nuclear area, inscribed on a small hill. In the archaeological site there are elements of transition to the Early Bronze Age, especially in the pottery repertoire. The lithic industry technique is laminar and with foliaceous; the absence of sickle and hand querns elements is striking, but in the settlement metal processing is present. The site is located chronologically at advanced Chalcolithic, dating 4097 ± 36 BP (2866-2498 cal BC 2σ); it anticipates the features of regional Early Bronze Age (ca. 2400 cal BC) without an abrupt rupture. The deficit of interventions in synchronic settlements in front of megalith tombs and cavity contexts requires diversifying the information at a regional scale to obtain more adjusted profiles of these communities.