RNA Interference and Nonspecific Controls in Parasitic Helminths

M. M. Mourão, Sandra Grossi Gava
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Abstract

Despite of the remarkable success of RNA interference (RNAi) application in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the exploitation of this powerful technique to helminths parasites with complex life-cycle has been a challenge for parasitologists. It has proved to be effective only for certain parasite species and specific target genes. To date, RNAi is the only methodology available for reverse genetics in trematodes and combined to rescue studies (such heterologous complementation) have been the only alternative to genetic manipulation in nematodes and helminths parasites, thus this subject is of great interest to the scientific community involved in the field. The RNAi technique is widely used to assess gene function in helminths parasites, in order to elucidate their role in parasite development, mechanisms of drug resistance, and validate therapeutic targets for disease control. After fifteen years of the first report of RNAi in parasitic helminths, many advances have been achieved, but pitfalls remain as challenges in gene expression manipulation in these organisms. In addition to the methodological particularities of the RNAi technique for each group of helminths, there are still other reasons behind the slow progress of RNAi in those parasites, such; the lack of homology between genes related to parasitism and genes of model organisms and the complex life cycle of these organisms, which results in difficulties for in vitro cultivation. At this point, a wide assortment of approaches for doubled stranded RNA “delivery” has been proposed. Thus, deeper studies on fundamental aspects of the RNAi methodology in parasitic helminths, such as off-target and the use of controls, can be useful in determining the reason of variations between and within species, facilitating the experimental design and the use of RNAi in the study and eradication of helminths parasites.
寄生蠕虫的RNA干扰和非特异性对照
尽管RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)技术在秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)上的应用取得了显著的成功,但将这种强大的技术应用于具有复杂生命周期的蠕虫寄生虫上一直是寄生虫学家面临的挑战。它已被证明仅对某些寄生虫种类和特定的靶基因有效。迄今为止,RNAi是唯一可用于线虫反向遗传学研究的方法,并且结合挽救研究(如异源互补)已成为线虫和蠕虫寄生虫遗传操作的唯一替代方法,因此该主题对参与该领域的科学界非常感兴趣。RNAi技术被广泛用于评估寄生虫基因功能,以阐明其在寄生虫发育中的作用、耐药机制,并验证疾病控制的治疗靶点。在首次报道RNAi在寄生蠕虫中的应用15年后,已经取得了许多进展,但是在这些生物体的基因表达操作方面仍然存在缺陷和挑战。除了每组蠕虫的RNAi技术在方法上的特殊性之外,RNAi技术在这些寄生虫中的缓慢进展还有其他原因,例如;寄生相关基因与模式生物基因缺乏同源性,且模式生物的生命周期复杂,给体外培养带来困难。在这一点上,已经提出了各种各样的双链RNA“递送”方法。因此,深入研究寄生蠕虫RNAi方法的基本方面,如脱靶和对照的使用,可以有助于确定物种之间和物种内部差异的原因,促进实验设计和RNAi在研究和根除寄生虫中的使用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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