Trends and Seasonal Patterns in the Composition and Energy Content of Waste from three Ukrainian City Districts: The Influence of Commercial and Residential Areas

Michael Hoffmann, S. Shmarin, G. Denafas, V. Mykhaylenko, S. Ogorodnik, C. Ludwig
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Abstract

The volume and composition of Ukraine’s municipal solid waste (MSW) has changed in recent years. The percentage of paper and plastics has increased considerably; consequently, manual separation of these materials from landfills has become necessary. In 2012, thirteen million tons of MSW were collected and questions about the origin and effects of these increases have arisen. According to the EU Waste Directive, the separation and subsequent recycling of certain waste materials should be a priority; however, these materials can also be used to produce electricity, heat, and gas. This presents a difficult choice because Ukraine currently depends heavily on imported gas for fuel. This article studied the composition and energy content of waste collected separately from three sectors in a mid-sized town near Kiev. The first sector consisted of office buildings, the second consisted of multi-family housing units, and the third consisted of single-family housing units. The varying waste compositions identified among the sectors are relevant to potential energy-recovery planning efforts, particularly if energy-rich paper and plastics are sorted out. Multi-family housing waste was found to contain the greatest percentage of paper and plastics of the three sectors analyzed; this number has increased in recent years. Conversely, the pattern followed by single-family housing waste appeared weaker. For waste produced by the office district, average monthly wages had a strong impact on the materials that were collected. Moreover, strong seasonal effects were observed in all districts. The presented data support future waste management decisions related to waste utilization in the current and long terms. In contrast to western European countries, seasonal changes exhibited by unsorted municipal waste must be considered when making waste management decisions in Eastern Europe. The unique findings of this report may be relevant to other developing countries.
乌克兰三个城区废物组成和能源含量的趋势和季节性模式:商业和居民区的影响
近年来,乌克兰城市固体废物(MSW)的体积和组成发生了变化。纸和塑料的比例大幅增加;因此,人工将这些材料从垃圾填埋场中分离出来是必要的。2012年,我们收集了1300万吨城市生活垃圾,并对这些增加的来源和影响提出了疑问。根据欧盟废物指令,某些废物的分类和随后的回收应该是一个优先事项;然而,这些材料也可以用来发电、供热和发电。这是一个艰难的选择,因为乌克兰目前严重依赖进口天然气作为燃料。本文研究了在基辅附近的一个中型城镇分别从三个部门收集的废物的组成和能量含量。第一部分由办公楼组成,第二部分由多户住宅单元组成,第三部分由单户住宅单元组成。在这些部门中确定的不同废物成分与潜在的能源回收规划工作有关,特别是如果对能源丰富的纸张和塑料进行分类。在分析的三个部门中,发现多户住宅垃圾含有的纸张和塑料比例最高;近年来,这一数字有所增加。相反,单户住房浪费所遵循的模式似乎较弱。对于办公区产生的垃圾,平均月薪对收集的材料有很大的影响。此外,在所有地区都观察到强烈的季节性影响。所提供的数据支持与当前和长期废物利用有关的未来废物管理决策。与西欧国家不同,东欧国家在作出废物管理决定时,必须考虑到未分类的城市废物所表现出的季节性变化。本报告的独特发现可能与其他发展中国家有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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