{"title":"Spatial perspectives on migrant entrepreneurship","authors":"Alexandra David, Susann Schäfer","doi":"10.1515/zfw-2022-0033","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The high mobility of people across borders due to economic, social, and ecological factors, as well as political crises leading to mass movement events, such as the ‘long summer of migration’ in Europe (2015–2017), has contributed to more diverse societies with a high share of people with migration backgrounds and increasing cross-border mobility experiences. Such mobility has an impact on the economies of both the countries of the migrants’ origin and destination. In several countries around the world, migrant businesses are a significant pillar of the economy (Bove & Elia 2017; Sternberg et al. 2022). Entrepreneurship tends to be slightly higher among migrants compared to among the native-born population in most OECD countries (OECD 2010). Whereas in these countries around 12.7 % of migrants of working age are self-employed, this is 12.0 % among the non-migrant population (ibid.). This observation is generally explained in the academic literature by the discrimination towards migrants on formal labour markets (Oskam et al. 2022). Especially the first generation of migrants faces challenges to enter the world of employed work due to the lack of language skills and problems associated with the acceptance of qualifications and work experience (Sultana 2022). Consequently, migrant entrepreneurship is often necessity-driven, meaning that migrant firms are established due to the lack of alternative work opportunities. In recent years, a new trend is emerging: Migrant entrepreneurship is increasingly opportunity-driven. There are manifold reasons explaining this. On the one hand, groups of highly skilled migrants including international students, launch their businesses soon after graduation (Terstriep et al. 2022; Leicht et al. 2017). On the other hand, often opportunity-driven migrant entrepreneurship is not a new experience for migrants in the countries of destination, but a continuation of migrants’ entrepreneurial activities which has already started in the countries of their origin. It means, that already existent business models are re-established and adapted in the countries of residence (ibid.).","PeriodicalId":29690,"journal":{"name":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ZFW-Advances in Economic Geography","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2022-0033","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ECONOMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Abstract
The high mobility of people across borders due to economic, social, and ecological factors, as well as political crises leading to mass movement events, such as the ‘long summer of migration’ in Europe (2015–2017), has contributed to more diverse societies with a high share of people with migration backgrounds and increasing cross-border mobility experiences. Such mobility has an impact on the economies of both the countries of the migrants’ origin and destination. In several countries around the world, migrant businesses are a significant pillar of the economy (Bove & Elia 2017; Sternberg et al. 2022). Entrepreneurship tends to be slightly higher among migrants compared to among the native-born population in most OECD countries (OECD 2010). Whereas in these countries around 12.7 % of migrants of working age are self-employed, this is 12.0 % among the non-migrant population (ibid.). This observation is generally explained in the academic literature by the discrimination towards migrants on formal labour markets (Oskam et al. 2022). Especially the first generation of migrants faces challenges to enter the world of employed work due to the lack of language skills and problems associated with the acceptance of qualifications and work experience (Sultana 2022). Consequently, migrant entrepreneurship is often necessity-driven, meaning that migrant firms are established due to the lack of alternative work opportunities. In recent years, a new trend is emerging: Migrant entrepreneurship is increasingly opportunity-driven. There are manifold reasons explaining this. On the one hand, groups of highly skilled migrants including international students, launch their businesses soon after graduation (Terstriep et al. 2022; Leicht et al. 2017). On the other hand, often opportunity-driven migrant entrepreneurship is not a new experience for migrants in the countries of destination, but a continuation of migrants’ entrepreneurial activities which has already started in the countries of their origin. It means, that already existent business models are re-established and adapted in the countries of residence (ibid.).
由于经济、社会和生态因素,以及政治危机导致大规模流动事件,如欧洲的“漫长的移民之夏”(2015-2017年),人口跨境流动性高,导致社会更加多样化,具有移民背景的人口比例高,跨境流动经历也越来越多。这种流动对移徙者原籍国和目的地国的经济都有影响。在世界上一些国家,移民企业是经济的重要支柱(Bove & Elia 2017;Sternberg et al. 2022)。在大多数经合组织国家,移民的创业精神往往略高于本地出生人口(OECD 2010)。而在这些国家,大约12.7%的工作年龄移民是个体经营者,而在非移民人口中这一比例为12.0%(同上)。在学术文献中,这一现象通常被解释为正规劳动力市场对移民的歧视(Oskam et al. 2022)。尤其是第一代移民,由于缺乏语言技能和与接受资格和工作经验相关的问题,面临着进入就业世界的挑战(Sultana 2022)。因此,移民创业往往是必需品驱动的,这意味着移民公司是由于缺乏替代工作机会而建立的。近年来,一种新的趋势正在出现:农民工创业越来越受到机遇的驱动。有很多原因可以解释这一点。一方面,包括国际学生在内的高技能移民群体在毕业后不久就开始创业(Terstriep et al. 2022;Leicht et al. 2017)。另一方面,机会驱动的移徙者创业往往不是目的地国移徙者的新经历,而是移徙者在原籍国已经开始的创业活动的继续。这意味着在居住国重新建立和调整已经存在的商业模式(同上)。