Alleviating High Gas Costs by Secure and Trustless Off-chain Execution of Smart Contracts

IF 0.4 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Soroush Farokhnia, Amir Kafshdar Goharshady
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on the blockchain and can hold, manage and transfer assets in the form of cryptocurrencies. The contract's execution is then performed on-chain and is subject to consensus, i.e. every node on the blockchain network has to run the function calls and keep track of their side-effects including updates to the balances and contract's storage. The notion of gas is introduced in most programmable blockchains, which prevents DoS attacks from malicious parties who might try to slow down the network by performing time-consuming and resource-heavy computations. While the gas idea has largely succeeded in its goal of avoiding DoS attacks, the resulting fees are extremely high. For example, in June-September 2022, on Ethereum alone, there has been an average total gas usage of 2,706.8 ETH ≈ 3,938,749 USD per day. We propose a protocol for alleviating these costs by moving most of the computation off-chain while preserving enough data on-chain to guarantee an implicit consensus about the contract state and ownership of funds in case of dishonest parties. We perform extensive experiments over 3,330 real-world Solidity contracts that were involved in 327,132 transactions in June-September 2022 on Ethereum and show that our approach reduces their gas usage by 40.09 percent, which amounts to a whopping 442,651 USD.
通过安全、无信任的智能合约链下执行来降低高昂的天然气成本
智能合约是在区块链上执行的程序,可以以加密货币的形式持有、管理和转移资产。然后,合约的执行在链上执行,并受到共识的约束,即区块链网络上的每个节点都必须运行函数调用,并跟踪其副作用,包括更新余额和合约的存储。大多数可编程区块链中都引入了gas的概念,这可以防止恶意方的DoS攻击,恶意方可能会通过执行耗时且资源繁重的计算来减慢网络速度。虽然gas的想法在很大程度上成功地避免了DoS攻击,但由此产生的费用非常高。例如,在2022年6月至9月期间,仅在以太坊上,平均每天的总天然气使用量为2,706.8 ETH≈3,938,749美元。我们提出了一种协议,通过将大部分计算移到链下,同时在链上保留足够的数据,以保证在不诚实的各方的情况下,对合同状态和资金所有权达成隐含共识,从而降低这些成本。我们对3330份真实世界的Solidity合约进行了广泛的实验,这些合约在2022年6月至9月期间在以太坊上进行了327,132笔交易,并表明我们的方法将他们的天然气使用量减少了40.09%,这相当于高达442,651美元。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Applied Computing Review
Applied Computing Review COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS-
自引率
40.00%
发文量
8
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