Zombie memory: Extending memory lifetime by reviving dead blocks

R. Azevedo, John D. Davis, K. Strauss, Parikshit Gopalan, M. Manasse, S. Yekhanin
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引用次数: 56

Abstract

Zombie is an endurance management framework that enables a variety of error correction mechanisms to extend the lifetimes of memories that suffer from bit failures caused by wearout, such as phase-change memory (PCM). Zombie supports both single-level cell (SLC) and multi-level cell (MLC) variants. It extends the lifetime of blocks in working memory pages (primary blocks) by pairing them with spare blocks, i.e., working blocks in pages that have been disabled due to exhaustion of a single block's error correction resources, which would be 'dead' otherwise. Spare blocks adaptively provide error correction resources to primary blocks as failures accumulate over time. This reduces the waste caused by early block failures, making working blocks in discarded pages a useful resource. Even though we use PCM as the target technology, Zombie applies to any memory technology that suffers stuck-at cell failures. This paper describes the Zombie framework, a combination of two new error correction mechanisms (ZombieXOR for SLC and ZombieMLC for MLC) and the extension of two previously proposed SLC mechanisms (ZombieECP and ZombieERC). The result is a 58% to 92% improvement in endurance for Zombie SLC memory and an even more impressive 11x to 17x improvement for ZombieMLC, both with performance overheads of only 0.1% when memories using prior error correction mechanisms reach end of life.
僵尸记忆:通过复活死块来延长记忆寿命
Zombie是一种耐用性管理框架,它支持各种纠错机制,以延长因磨损而导致比特故障的存储器的使用寿命,例如相变存储器(PCM)。Zombie支持单级单元(SLC)和多级单元(MLC)变体。它通过将工作内存页面(主块)中的块与备用块配对来延长它们的生命周期,即,由于单个块的纠错资源耗尽而禁用的页面中的工作块,否则这些块将“死亡”。当故障随时间累积时,备用块自适应地为主块提供纠错资源。这减少了早期块失败造成的浪费,使丢弃页面中的工作块成为有用的资源。即使我们使用PCM作为目标技术,Zombie也适用于任何遭受卡在单元故障的存储技术。本文描述了僵尸框架,它是两种新的纠错机制(针对SLC的ZombieXOR和针对MLC的ZombieMLC)的组合,以及对先前提出的两种SLC机制(ZombieECP和ZombieERC)的扩展。结果是,Zombie SLC内存的续航时间提高了58%到92%,而ZombieMLC的续航时间提高了11到17倍,当使用先前纠错机制的内存寿命结束时,两者的性能开销仅为0.1%。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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